[Footnote 204: Justus-Lipsius: _Physiologiæ Stoicorum_: Bk. II, dissert. 19 (Dedication 1604, Louvain), (IV, 947); "Vides deliria, quomodo aliter appellent?"] CHAPTER II. BRUNO AND GALILEO. When the Roman Catholic authorities awoke to the dangers of the new teaching, they struck with force. The first to suffer was the famous monk-philosopher, Giordano Bruno, whose trial by the Holy Office was premonitory of trouble to come for Galileo.[205] [Footnote 205: Berti: 285.] After an elementary education at Naples near his birth-place, Nola,[206] Filippo Bruno[207] entered the Dominican monastery in 1562 or 1563 when about fourteen years old, assuming the name Giordano at that time. Before 1572, when he entered the priesthood, he had fully accepted the Copernican theory which later became the basis of all his philosophical thought. Bruno soon showed he was not made for the monastic life. Various processes were started against him, and fleeing to Rome he abandoned his monk's garments and entered upon the sixteen years of wandering over Europe, a peripatetic teacher of the philosophy of an infinite universe as deduced from the Copernican doctrine and thus in a way its herald.[208] He reached Geneva in 1579 (where he did not accept Calvinism as was formerly thought),[209] but decided before many months had passed that it was wise to depart elsewhere because of the unpleasant position in which he found himself there. He had been brought before the Council for printing invectives against one of the professors, pointing out some twenty of his errors. The Council sent him to the Consistory, the governing body of the church, where a formal sentence of excommunication was passed against him. When he apologized it was withdrawn. Probably a certain stigma remained, and he left Geneva soon thereafter with a warm dislike for Calvinism. After lecturing at the University of Toulouse he appeared in Paris in 1581, where he held an extraordinary readership. Two years later he was in England, for he lectured at Oxford during the spring months and defended the Copernican theory before the Polish prince Alasco during the latter's visit there in June.[210] [Footnote 206: McIntyre: 3-15.] [Footnote 207: Four lives of Bruno have been written within the last seventy-five years. The first is _Jordano Bruno_ by Christian Bartholmèss (2 vol., Paris 1846). The next, _Vita di Giordano Bruno da Nola_ by Domenico Berti (1868, Turin), quotes in full the official documents of his trial. Frith's _Life of Giordano Bruno_ (London, 1887), has been rendered out of date by J.L. McIntyre's _Giordano Bruno_ (London, 1903), which includes a critical bibliography. In addition, W.R. Thayer's _Throne Makers_ (New York, 1899), gives translations of Bruno's confessions to the Venetian Inquisition. Bruno's Latin works (_Opera Latina Conscripta_), have been republished by Fiorentino (3 vol., Naples, 1879), and the _Opere Italiane_ by Gentile (3 vol., Naples, 1907).]