Prætorian guard, the, Augustus and, 172, dominates politics, 175, commanded by prefects, 182, its strength, 182, 185, murder Caligula and choose Claudius, 271, choose Nero, 272; and the succession, 273, 306, Vespasian and, 274, lawyers as prefects, 309 Prætonum, 206 Prætors, 30, 31, 41, 63, 181, 182, 193, 299 Prasina Factio, 280 Praxiteles, 155 Prefects, of the Fleet, 187; of the City, 182, of the Guard, 182, of Egypt, 203, 204 President of the state, 134 Press censorship, 163, 289 Prices, Edict of, 310 Priests, colleges of, 32, and the law, 41; and dining, 133; High Priests, 201 Primus, M., 177 “Princeps,” 171, origin of the principate, 177, Augustus and the office, 180 “Princes,” 124 “Princes of the Youth,” 181 Principate, the, 177, 270 _Principes_, the, 29 Priscus, Helvidius, 300 Prisoners, Roman, as slaves, 197 Probus, 179, 308 Proconsuls, 193 Procurators, 194 Proletariat, the, 132. _See also_ Populus Propertius and the Parthians, 199, and Mæcenas, 233, as poet, 239-240; loss of patrimony, 243 Property-tax, 189, in Gaul, 190 Proprætors, 194 Provence, 210 Provinces, early, 58; acquisition and government, 59-65, local autonomy, 61, corruption, 64, self-supporting and profitable, 188, taxes, 190; of the Roman world, 193, under the senate, 193, Cæsar’s provinces, 193, lists of provinces, 193-194, under Diocletian, 312. _See also the names of provinces as_ Spain, Gaul, Africa _Provincia_, 59 Prudishness, 80 Ptolemy, alliance with, 47 “Publican and sinner,” 64 Publicans (_Publicani_), 64, 207 Punic War, First, 48, Second, 49, Third, 57 Pupienus, 306 Puteoli, 134 Pyrrhic War, 44 Pyrrhus, 45, 51 Quæstors, 66, 133, 188 Quintilian, 220, 290 Quintus Curtius, 33 Quintus Fabius, 51 “Race-suicide,” 138 Raphael, 244 Rates, 196 Raudine Plain, 94 Ravenna, 187, 315 Reading, 287 Realism in Roman art, 157, 248, 249 Red Sea, 204 Regensburg, 264 Religion, early Roman, 32, 35, and Greek mythology, 35, 39, gods, 36 _et seq._, its nature, 39, business nature of, 40, becomes cosmopolitan and debased, 79, State religion under the Republic, 133, formal and political, 138, formulæ, 139; materialism and the State religion, 139; superstition and rites, 139, Augustus and, 201, of Gaul, 211, and art, 248, and architecture, 251, Claudius and, 272, in schools, 286, and international law, 298, under the Empire, 299, Christianity, 299 Religions, conflict of, 299 Religious liberty under Trajan, 301 Remi, the, 212 Renaissance, Roman art and the, 244, 251 Republic, the, causes for its end, 100 Republican civilisation, later, 130 Republican constitution, 31 Republicanism, Diocletian and, 311 Revenue, public, 192 Rex, 125 Rhætia, 194, 220 Rhætian _limes_, 264 Rheims, 210, 212 “Rhetoric,” 286