I have to acknowledge with gratitude the permission given me by the Director of the Königlichen Messbildanstalt of the Royal Museum at Berlin to reproduce four of the magnificent photographs of Dr. O. Puchstein’s discoveries at Ba’albek. I am indebted also to Herr Georg Reimer, of Berlin, for allowing me to reproduce four of the complete series of Reliefs from Trajan’s Column published by him in heliogravure under the care of Professor Cichorius. The coloured plate of the interior of the House of Livia is reproduced by permission of the German Archæological Institute from Luckenbach’s _Kunst und Geschichte_ (grosse Ausgabe, erster Teil); and from the same work I have been allowed to reproduce the reconstruction of the Roman Forum in the time of Cæsar. Professor Garstang has kindly supplied a photograph, with permission to reproduce of the bronze head of Augustus discovered by him at Meroe and recently presented to the British Museum. The Cambridge University Press has allowed me to give two pictures from Prof. Ridgeway’s _Early Age of Greece_; and the photograph of the Alcántara Bridge was kindly supplied by Sr. D. Miguel Utrillo, of Barcelona. The majority of photographs have been supplied by Messrs. W. A. Mansell and Co.; but for many subjects, especially of Roman remains outside Italy, I must acknowledge my indebtedness to a number of amateur photographers, who not only avoid the hackneyed point of view but also achieve a high level of technique. Sir Alexander Binnie has kindly permitted the inclusion of eight photographs and Mr. C. T. Carr of four; while I must also make acknowledgment to Miss Carr, Mr. R. C. Smith, and Miss K. P. Blair. As before, I am much indebted to Mr. Arnold Gomme for his assistance with the proofs. J. C. S. CANTERBURY, 1912 CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xii INTRODUCTION THE PERSPECTIVE OF ROMAN HISTORY: LATINISM: ITALY AND THE ROMAN 1 CHAP I. THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME THE GROWING REPUBLIC: THE CONSTITUTION: THE EARLY ROMAN: EARLY RELIGION: LAW 16 II. CONQUEST THE PROVINCES: THE IMPERIAL CITY 44 III. THE LAST CENTURY OF THE REPUBLIC THE GRACCHI: MARIUS: SULLA: POMPEIUS AND CÆSAR: LATE REPUBLICAN CIVILISATION 82 IV. AUGUSTUS THE SENATE: THE PEOPLE AND THE MAGISTRATES: ARMY AND TREASURY: THE PROVINCES 160 V. AUGUSTAN ROME REFORMATION OF ROMAN SOCIETY: AUGUSTAN LITERATURE: ART: ARCHITECTURE 223 VI. THE GROWTH OF THE EMPIRE THE PRINCIPATE: IMPERIAL ROME: EDUCATION AND LITERATURE: ART: LAW: PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION 253