CHAPTER VI THE STATE AS A PERSON: A FALSE ANALOGY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES Why aggression upon a State does not correspond to aggression upon an individual--Our changing conception of collective responsibility--Psychological progress in this connection--Recent growth of factors breaking down the homogeneous personality of States 296-325 PART III _THE PRACTICAL OUTCOME_ CHAPTER I THE RELATION OF DEFENCE TO AGGRESSION Necessity for defence arises from the existence of a motive for attack--Platitudes that everyone overlooks--To attenuate the motive for aggression is to undertake a work of defence 329-340 CHAPTER II ARMAMENT, BUT NOT ALONE ARMAMENT Not the facts, but men's belief about facts, shapes their conduct--Solving a problem of two factors by ignoring one--The fatal outcome of such a method--The German Navy as a "luxury"--If both sides concentrate on armament alone 341-352 CHAPTER III IS THE POLITICAL REFORMATION POSSIBLE? Men are little disposed to listen to reason, "therefore we should not talk reason"--Are men's ideas immutable? 353-367 CHAPTER IV METHODS Relative failure of Hague Conferences and the cause--Public opinion the necessary motive force of national action--That opinion only stable if informed--"Friendship" between nations and its limitations--America's rôle in the coming "Political Reformation" 368-382 APPENDIX ON RECENT EVENTS IN EUROPE 383-406 INDEX 407-416 PART I THE ECONOMICS OF THE CASE CHAPTER I STATEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC CASE FOR WAR Where can the Anglo-German rivalry of armaments end?--Why peace advocacy fails--Why it deserves to fail--The attitude of the peace advocate--The presumption that the prosperity of nations depends upon their political power, and consequent necessity of protection against aggression of other nations who would diminish our power to their advantage--These the universal axioms of international politics.