CHAPTER VIII THE FIGHT FOR "THE PLACE IN THE SUN" How Germany really expands--Where her real Colonies are--How she exploits without conquest--What is the difference between an army and a police force?--The policing of the world--Germany's share of it in the Near East 131-151 PART II _THE HUMAN NATURE AND MORALS OF THE CASE_ CHAPTER I THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CASE FOR WAR The non-economic motives of war--Moral and psychological--The importance of these pleas--English, German, and American exponents--The biological plea 155-167 CHAPTER II THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CASE FOR PEACE The shifting ground of pro-war arguments--The narrowing gulf between the material and moral ideals--The non-rational causes of war--False biological analogies--The real law of man's struggles: struggle with Nature, not with other men--Outline sketch of man's advance and main operating factor therein--The progress towards elimination of physical force--Co-operation across frontiers and its psychological result--Impossible to fix limits of community--Such limits irresistibly expanding--Break-up of State homogeneity--State limits no longer coinciding with real conflicts between men 168-197 CHAPTER III UNCHANGING HUMAN NATURE The progress from cannibalism to Herbert Spencer--The disappearance of religious oppression by Government--Disappearance of the duel--The Crusaders and the Holy Sepulchre--The wail of militarist writers at man's drift away from militancy 198-221 CHAPTER IV DO THE WARLIKE NATIONS INHERIT THE EARTH? The confident dogmatism of militarist writers on this subject--The facts--The lessons of Spanish America--How conquest makes for the survival of the unfit--Spanish method and English method in the New World--The virtues of military training--The Dreyfus case--The threatened Germanization of England--"The war which made Germany great and Germans small" 222-260 CHAPTER V THE DIMINISHING FACTOR OF PHYSICAL FORCE: PSYCHOLOGICAL RESULTS Diminishing factor of physical force--Though diminishing, physical force has always had an important rôle in human affairs--What is underlying principle, determining advantageous and disadvantageous use of physical force?--Force that aids co-operation in accord with law of man's advance: force that is exercised for parasitism in conflict with such law and disadvantageous for both parties--Historical process of the abandonment of physical force--The Khan and the London tradesman--Ancient Rome and modern Britain--The sentimental defence of war as the purifier of human life--The facts--The redirection of human pugnacity 261-295