In reckoning up the debt of gratitude, large items in it are due to my friends Mr. Pelham and Mr. Macan. As Professor of Ancient History, Mr. Pelham is ever ready to aid and encourage those who are willing to work in his department, and I am only one of many whom he has thus assisted. Such grants as I have obtained from the Craven Fund have been obtained by his advocacy, and he has often by his kindly encouragement cheered the despondency of a worker whose work can only be rewarded by the satisfaction of having done it,—a reward of which he is at times, when malarial fever is upon him, inclined to under-estimate the value. I owe much to that personal help which Mr. Macan so kindly gives to younger workers in the same field as his own. He has also been kind enough to read through the first three chapters of this book. Though he has suggested certain amendments which I have adopted, he is in no way responsible for the conclusions at which I have arrived. To Canon Church, of Wells, I am deeply indebted for those illustrations which have been made from the beautiful collection of Edward Lear’s water-colour sketches of Greece which he possesses. My father, George Frederick Grundy, Vicar of Aspull, Lancashire, has read through all my proofs, and has done his best to make the rough places smooth. I have every reason to be grateful for this labour undertaken with fatherly love, and, I may add, with parental candour. The chapters in this volume which deal with the warfare of 480–479 were awarded the Conington Prize at Oxford, given in the year 1900. G. B. GRUNDY. Brasenose College, Oxford, _October_, 1901. NOTE. Note.—After nearly a year spent in learning the principles and practice of surveying, I went to Greece in the winter of 1892–93, and made 1. A survey of the field of Platæa; 2. A survey of the town of Platæa; 3. A survey of the field of Leuctra. I also examined 1. The western passes of the Kithæron range; 2. The roads leading to them from Attica by way of Eleusis and Phyle respectively; 3. The great route from Thebes northward, west of Kopais, as far as Lebadeia and Orchomenos. In the summer of 1895 I revisited Greece. During that visit I did the following work:— 1. A survey of Pylos and Sphakteria; 2. An examination of the great military route from Corinth to Argos, and from Argos, by way of Hysiæ, to Tegea; 3. An examination of the military ways from the Arcadian plain into the Eurotas valley; 4. I also followed and examined the great route from the Arcadian plain to Megalopolis, and thence to the Messenian plain; 5. An examination of the site of Ithome. In the recent summer of 1899 I did further work abroad in reference to Greek as well as Roman history. The Greek portion consisted of:—