Orators -- Greece; Oratory, Ancient; Speeches, addresses, etc., Greek -- History and criticism
In the speech on the _Embassy_[374] he asserts that Aeschines, far from
opposing Philip’s pretension to be recognized as an Amphictyon, was
the only man who spoke in favour of it; yet Demosthenes himself had
counselled submission. In the speech _Against Timocrates_ there are
obvious exaggerations to the detriment of the defendant. Timocrates had
proposed that certain debtors should be given time to pay their debts;
Demosthenes asserts that he restored them to their full civic rights
without payment.[375] Towards the end of the speech a statement is made
which conflicts with one on the same subject in the exordium.[376]
But such rhetorical devices are only trivial faults to which most
politicians are liable.[377] The orator himself would probably feel that
even more doubtful actions were justifiable for the sake of the cause
which he championed. We must remember that all the really important cases
in which he took part had their origin on political grounds, and during
his public career he never relaxed his efforts for the maintenance of
those principles which he expounded in his public harangues. Until the
end he had hopes for Greek freedom, freedom for Athens, not based on any
unworthy compromise, but dependent on a new birth of the old Athenian
spirit. The regeneration which he pictured would be due to a revival of
the spirit of personal self-sacrifice. Every man must be made to realize
first that the city had a glorious mission, being destined to fulfil an
ideal of liberty based on principles of justice; secondly that, to attain
this end, each must live not for himself or his party but wholly for the
city. It is the consciousness that Demosthenes has these enlightened
ideas always present in his mind which makes us set him apart from other
orators. Lycurgus, a second-rate orator, becomes impressive through
his sincerity and incorruptibility; Demosthenes, great among orators,
stands out from the crowd still more eminently by the nobleness of his
aspirations.
§ 7. _Structure of Speeches_
The structure of the speeches will give us a last example of the
versatility of the composer and his freedom from conventional form.
We find, indeed, that he regularly has some kind of exordium and
epilogue, but in the arrangement of other divisions of the speech
he allows himself perfect freedom; we cannot reckon on finding a
statement of the case in one place, followed regularly by evidence, by
refutation of the opponent’s arguments, and so forth. All elements may be
interspersed, since he marshals his arguments not in chronological nor
even, necessarily, in logical order, but in such an arrangement as seems
to him most decisive. He is bound by no conventional rules of warfare,
and may leave his flanks unprotected while he delivers a crushing attack
on the centre. In some cases it is almost impossible to make regular
divisions by technical rule; thus, in the _de Corona_ there is matter for
dispute as to where the epilogue really begins.[378]
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