(11) In February 1854 Mr. Cayley moved for a “Select Committee to consider the duties of the Member leading the Government business in this House, and the expediency of attaching office and salary thereto.” The motion was withdrawn, after being opposed by Sir Charles Wood (now Viscount Halifax), Mr. Walpole, and Lord John Russell (now Earl Russell). Sir Charles Wood described the post of Leader of the House as “an office that does not exist, and the duties of which cannot be defined.” Mr. Walpole spoke of it as a “position totally unknown to the constitution of the country.” Yet I presume that everybody practically knew that Lord John Russell was Leader of the House, though nobody could give a legal definition of his position. A discussion then followed between Mr. Walpole and Lord John Russell on the nature of ministerial responsibility. Mr. Walpole said that “members were apt to talk gravely of ministerial responsibility; but responsibility there is none, except by virtue of the office that a Minister holds, or possibly by the fact of his being a Privy Councillor. A Minister is responsible for the acts done by him; a Privy Councillor for advice given by him in that capacity. Until the reign of Charles the Second, Privy Councillors always signed the advice they gave; and to this day the Cabinet is not a body recognised by law. As a Privy Councillor, a person is under little or no responsibility for the acts advised by him, on account of the difficulty of proof.” Lord John Russell “asked the House to pause before it gave assent to the constitutional doctrines laid down by Mr. Walpole. He unduly restricted the responsibility of Ministers.” ... “I hold,” continued Lord John, “that it is not really for the business the Minister transacts in performing the particular duties of his office, but it is for any advice which he has given, and which he may be proved, before a Committee of this House, or at the bar of the House of Lords, to have given, that he is responsible, and for which he suffers the penalties that may ensue from impeachment.” It is plain that both Mr. Walpole and Lord Russell were here speaking of real legal responsibility, such responsibility as might be enforced by impeachment or other legal process, not of the vaguer kind of responsibility which is commonly meant when we speak of Ministers being “responsible to the House of Commons.” This last is enforced, not by legal process, but by such motions as that of Sir Robert Peel in 1841, or that of the Marquess of Hartington in June 1859. I have made my extracts from the Spectator newspaper of February 11, 1854.