What was the real position of a landowner of Norman descent within a generation or two after the Conquest? He held English lands according to English law; in all but the highest rank he lived on equal terms with other landowners of English birth; he was himself born on English soil, often of an English mother; he was called on in endless ways to learn, to obey, and to administer, the laws of England. Such a man soon became in feeling, and before long in speech also, as good an Englishman as if he had come of the male line of Hengest or Cerdic. There was nothing to hinder even one of the actual conquerors from thoroughly throwing in his lot with his new country and with its people. His tongue was French, but in truth he had far more in common with the Englishman than with the Frenchman. He was but a near kinsman slightly disguised. The Norman was a Dane who, in his sojourn in Gaul, had put on a slight French varnish, and who came into England to be washed clean again. The blood of the true Normans, in the real Norman districts of Bayeux and Coutances, differs hardly at all from the blood of the inhabitants of the North and East of England(19). See a French soldier and a Norman farmer side by side, and you feel at once that the Norman is nothing but a long-parted kinsman. The general effect of him is that of a man of Yorkshire or Lincolnshire who has somehow picked up a bad habit of talking French. Such men readily became Englishmen. We have the distinct assertions of contemporary writers, and every incidental notice bears out their assertions, that, among all classes between the highest and the lowest, among all between the great noble and the villain, the distinction of Norman and Englishman had been forgotten within little more than a hundred years after the time when King William came into England(20). And presently other causes came to make all the sons of the soil draw nearer and nearer together. A new dynasty filled the throne, a dynasty which claimed by female descent to be at once Norman and English, but which, in origin and feeling, was neither Norman nor English(21). Henry the Second, Count of Anjou through his father, Duke of Aquitaine through his wife, inherited also his mother’s claims on Normandy and England, but under him Normandy and England alike were but parts of a vast dominion which stretched from the Orkneys to the Pyrenees. Under the mighty, and on the whole the righteous, sway of the great Henry the worst side of this state of things did not show itself(22). Under his sons and his grandson England felt to the full the bitterness and the blessings of the Conquest. The land was overrun by utter strangers; the men of Old-English birth and the descendants of the first Norman settlers both saw the natives of other lands placed over the heads of both alike. Places of trust and honour and wealth were handed over to foreign favourites, and every man in the land was exposed to a yet