As a result of laws that secularized communal land and set aside fallow land, huge areas of cultivation and land suitable for farming were placed at the disposition of commercial agriculture. Supporting capital for the most part came from foreign sources--from the United States, France, and England. Labor came from the impoverished peasants, from town workers, and from indigenous groups, among them the Mayas and the Tarahumaras. Large landed estates appeared and a powerful class of hacienda owners arose. It was during this period that it was possible to overcome some of the endemic problems that had beset the hacienda since its birth: instability, indebtedness, lack of capital, and scarce revenues. During the Porfiriato, the majority of the haciendas were highly productive and provided their owners with plentiful earnings. Yet, at the same time there were haciendas that had to face financial problems and fluctuations in production. Frequently, hacendados participated in other areas of business, such as finance, commerce, and mining. Their privileged economic position permitted them to furnish their rural properties with great luxury and to sustain a life of affluence. Bartlett found hacienda residences with twenty bedrooms, salons for dancing, Japanese gardens, billiard rooms and music rooms, swimming pools, bullrings, and palisades. Bearing witness to the interior splendor of these mansions, there was fine furniture from Europe, carpeting from Persia, velvet draperies, chandeliers of cut crystal, and valuable oil paintings. There were haciendas that possessed chapels that rivaled the provincial churches in size, architecture, and decor. Of course not all haciendas were this elegant: most had much more rustic appointments; many were in decline, poorly maintained, furnished with the very barest minimum. Bartlett captured and transmits to us today through his art the grand cultural richness that enfolds the hacienda, its diversity according to its moment in time, its location, and its type of production, and he accompanies these with a portrayal of hacienda life, customs, and its inherent style of thought. He is one of the pioneers in his field of study. [Illustration: Map of Mexico and its states] +Sonora+ 1. Hacienda de Endo +Chihuahua+ 2. Hacienda de Colonia Campo 3. Hacienda Corralitos 4. Hacienda Quinta Carolina +Durango+ 5. Hacienda de Juana Guerra 6. Hacienda de Canutillo +Nayarit+ 7. Hacienda San Cayetano +San Luis Potosí+ 8. Hacienda de Castamay +Guanajuato+ 9. Hacienda de Valenciana 10. Hacienda de Leoncito 11. Hacienda de Calderón 12. Hacienda de Puerto de Nieto 13. Hacienda de los Ricos 14. Hacienda San Cayetano de Valencia 15. Hacienda de Petaca 16. Hacienda de la Erre