For _Azure_:--_French blue_, freely mixed with _Chinese white_ and a very little gum, the colour to be laid on thick: shade with _Prussian blue_ mixed with a larger proportion of gum. For _Gules_:--_Orange vermilion_ either pure, or mixed with a very little _cadmium yellow_ or _Chinese white_, and still less gum: (never use a brilliant but most treacherous preparation known as “pure scarlet:”) shade with _carmine_ or _crimson lake_, and gum. For _Vert_:--_emerald green_, with _Chinese white_ and a little gum: shade with dark green, made from mixing _aureolin_ (or _gamboge_) with _Prussian blue_ and gum. For _Purpure_:--mix _carmine_ and _French blue_, with a little gum: shade with a darker tint of the same. For _Sable_:--Very dark _grey_, made by mixing a little _Chinese white_ and gum with black: shade with black and more gum. When the Metals are rendered by gold and aluminium, it is desirable that these tinctures should be applied, and that the diapering and burnishing of the Metals should also be completed with the burnisher, before the adjoining colours are laid on. The burnishing may be executed in two or three hours after the Metals have been applied to the paper; and the paper should be placed upon a piece of glass during the processes of burnishing and diapering. CHAPTER VI THE GRAMMAR OF HERALDRY SECTION III _The Ordinaries:-- The Chief; Fesse; Bar; Pale; Cross, its heraldic varieties; Bend; Saltire; Chevron; and Pile._ “Marks of Hereditary Honour, given or authorised by some supreme Power.” --SCIENCE OF HERALDRY. THE ORDINARIES.--The simple Charges of early Heraldry, which always have been held in the highest esteem and which are most familiar, are:--The _Chief_, the _Fesse_, the _Bar_, the _Pale_, the _Cross_, the _Bend_, the _Saltire_, the _Chevron_, and the _Pile_. They may be considered to have been derived from various means that were adopted to strengthen Shields for use in combat, the _Cross_ always being in great favour from having a definite symbolism of its own. These Ordinaries may be formed by any of the Border Lines, No. 38. Occasionally they are borne alone; but more generally they are associated with other bearings, or they have various figures and devices charged upon themselves. In some cases, presently to be specified, more than one Ordinary may appear in a single composition. The _Bar_, the _Pale_, the _Bend_, and the _Chevron_ have _Diminutives_. The _Cross_ has many _Varieties_.