Alexander II, referred to, 11, 79, 261; reign of reforms, 222-226; favorable attitude towards Jews, 224-225, 229-231; the Narodniki, 236; change of policy, 248-255; plotted against and assassinated, 255-258. Alexander III, referred to, 80, 255; restrictions, 268-270; pogroms, 269; "May Laws," 270-273; Jews excluded from schools by, 273-275. Alexander Jagellon and the Jews, 21. Allgemeine juedische Arbeiterbund, Der, in Littauen, Polen, und Russland, 293. Alliance Israelite Universelle, programme of, 236; criticism of, 285-286. Altaras, Jacques Isaac, philanthropist, 157. America. See United States, the. 'Am 'Olam Society, 283. Amsterdam, referred to, 22; a place of refuge for Russo-Polish proselytes, 27; elects Russo-Jewish rabbis, 33-34; place of study, 81, 93, 109, 126, 165. Antokolsky, Mark, sculptor, 241. Anton, Carl, author, 64. Apostol, Cossack hetman, 57. Apotheker, Abraham Ashkenazi, author, 40. Arbeiterstimme, Die, 293. Aristotle, 50, 216, 297. _Ascension of Elijah_, 134. Ashkenazi, Meir, envoy of the Khan of the Tatars, 23. Ashkenazi, Meir, rabbinical author, quoted, 31, 33. Ashkenazi, Solomon, statesman, 23. Assemblies, Jewish, under Alexander I, 117, 128; under Nicholas I, 151, 173, 174-176; in Vilna, 165; under Alexander II, 230; at Kattowitz, 285. Auerbach, Berthold, on Maimon, 88. Austria, Haskalah in, 12, 188; influence on Russian Maskilim, 195; place of study for Russian Jews, 285, 298. See also Galicia. _Auto-Emancipation_, 281-283. _'Ayit Zabua'_, 244-245. Baku, antiquity of, 20. Barit, Jacob ("Yankele Kovner"), scholar, 200, 255, 259. Bathory, Stephen, 59, 253. Beer, Michel, champion of Jewish rights, 114. Behalot, 63, 161. Behr, Issachar Falkensohn, poet, 90-91, 108. Belkind, Israel, Zionist, 286. Belzyc, Jacob Nahman, author, 36. Bene Mosheh Society, 286. Bennett, Solomon, of Polotzk, engraver, champion of Jewish rights in England, 95-96. Bentwich, on Jewish colonists in Palestine, 289. Ben Yehudah, Eliezer, Hebraist, 284-285. Beobachter, Der, an der Weichsel, 124, 196. Berdichev, 123, 175, 200, 206, 239. Berek, Joselovich, colonel, 115. Berlin, 37, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 90, 91, 93, 120, 126, 132, 192, 245, 251, 257, 291, 298. Berlin, Moses, uchony Yevrey, 230. Berlin, Naphtali Zebi Judah, dean of Yeshibah, 152, 254, 288. Bernfeld, on Maimon, 86. Besht, Israel Baal Shem [Tob], referred to, 65, 122, 123; his life, 66-69; opposition to rabbinism, 67, 70, 71, 75; his influence, 76; his biography, 134. Bet ha-Midrash, description of the, 50-51. Bet ha-Sefer, in Jaffa, 290-291. _Bet Yehudah_, by Levinsohn, 209-210. Bezalel, school of art, 291. Bibikov, on Russian Jews, 162. Bible, the, ancient Russo-Jewish commentaries on, 28; customs of (according to Elijah Vilna), 74; the _Biur_ on, 81, 82; Mendelssohn's translation, 105, 131, 193, 203 translated into Russian, 239, 252.