Oxus (_see Amū Daryā_). Oxyartes, father of Roxana, 8. Palestine, conquest by Arabs, 37; Damascus and Jerusalem conquered by Parvīz, 32, 33; Damascus stormed by Tīmūr, 171. Pamirs, birthplace of Aryan race, 3; commission to demarcate English and Russian influence on, 303–5. Panchao, 20. Panjakand, identified with Bishkand, 187 _note_. Pāpak, 22. Paropamisus mountains, boundary of Bactria, 3. Parthia, 11–13; Greeks deprived of Margiana by, 18; encounters with the Yué-Chi, 19; overthrow of dynasty by Ardashīr, 23; Parthians identical with Turkomans, 266; characteristics on early Indian Saka coins, 16. Parvīz, “the Victorious” (Chosrau II.), 32. Pasargadæ, 5. Perofski, Count, expedition against Khiva, 243, 244. Persepolis, plundered by Alexander, 5. =Persia=--Bactria annexed to, 4; conquered by Alexander the Great, 4; condition in third century, 22; Ardashīr, king of, 23; famine in, 25; loss of eyesight a bar to ruling, 27; Arab conquest, 37; acquired by Turks, 129; overrun by troops of Tīmūr, 171; war with Bākī Mohammad, 195; Nādir Shāh, 200–3; war with Turkomans, 267, 269–72; Persian literary language in time of Tāhirides, 180; Parthia (_see that title_). Peter the Great, 240–42. Petra Oxiana, 8. Petrofsky, M., _cited_ 371 _note_. Petrusevitch, _cited_ 270, 271, 272 _notes_. Philippus of Elymeus, 10. Phraates, 12. Pīr Mohammad, 173. Pīr Mohammad, grandson of Tīmūr, the Uzbeg, 191 _note_. Pīrūz, 25. Pishagar, destroyed by Nasrullah, 215. Polotsk, 230. Poole, Mr. S. Lane, _cited_ 60 _note_, _passim_. Powers, the Great, Russian circular to, 249, Appendix I. Price, Major, _cited_ 161 _note_, _passim_. Pskov, 230. Rabī` ibn Ziyād el-Hārithī, 39. Rāfi` ibn Harthama, appointed governor of Khorāsān, 105; peace between Nasr and Isma`īl, obtained by, 107; murder of, 110. Rāfi` ibn Layth, 96. Rahīm Bi, 199, 202, 384 _note_. Railways (_see under Russia_). Rāmtīna, conquered by Ubaydullah ibn Ziyād, 39. Rapson, _cited_ 16 _note_. Rāvandis, the, 92. Raverty, _cited_ 120 _note_. Riazan, Russian principality, 234. _Risālachi_, public entertainers, 401. Romanovski, General, General Chernaieff superseded by, 251; battle of Irjai, 252. =Romans=, struggle with Mithridates, 13; Kushan Empire recognised by, 19; Shāpūr I. at war with, 23; war with Bahrām Gūr, and truce, 24; rupture between Pīrūz and Ephthalites attributed to, 26; hostilities with Kobād, 28; war with Hormuz IV., 31, 32; alliance between Turks and Persians regarded with apprehension by, 31; defeated by Arabs, 37; first Turkish invasion of Rome, 131. Roxana, 8.