Corn rates now (1905) are 13 cents per hundred from Omaha, 1400 miles to New York, and 25 cents from Boone, Iowa, 1252 miles to New York, 25 cents also from Dennison, Iowa, 1341 miles to New York, etc. Many similar facts might be named. And such discriminations between contiguous markets do not violate the Interstate Law. There is no requirement that one railroad line shall not charge less for a given distance than another railroad line charges, and even on the same line the long and short haul clause yields to the necessity of meeting competition. When Dubuque wants to buy things from the South it must pay much higher rates than Milwaukee, Madison, Chicago, Freeport, etc. Manufacturers in Fort Dodge and Dubuque, Iowa, have to pay higher rates to the Pacific than manufacturers in Chicago and the East. Iowa raises corn, cattle, and hogs, and would like to have packing-houses, but cannot because of the discrimination in favor of Chicago and Missouri River points.[310] Iowa business men also say that small poultry and dressed-meat concerns cannot compete with the big packers, on account of the private-car system and the concessions granted the car-lines, and they complain vigorously of the discrimination against them in the rates on shoes, grain, cattle, iron, steel, etc. The railroads have decreed that Iowa shall not be a manufacturing State. “THE CHAIRMAN. Why do you say that the railroads have decreed that Iowa shall not become a manufacturing State? “HON. A. B. CUMMINS, Governor of Iowa. I reach that conclusion simply because all our manufacturers, when they attempt to reach beyond our own State, meet rates that so discriminate against them that they cannot compete with manufacturers elsewhere.” In many cases a shipper at an intermediate point between Minneapolis and Chicago can send his grain to Minneapolis, rebill it to Chicago, and have it go back through his own town to destination more cheaply than he can ship direct to destination.[311] From Cannon Falls the rate to Chicago is 15 cents a hundred on grain. The rate from Cannon Falls to Minneapolis is 7 cents, and from Minneapolis to Chicago 7½ cents. So it costs ½ cent a hundred more to ship from Cannon Falls direct to Chicago than to ship to Minneapolis and from there back through Cannon Falls to Chicago. And if he wants to send his grain to Louisville, Ky., it will cost him 5 cents a hundred more to ship from Cannon Falls to Louisville, than if he sends his grain to Minneapolis and bills it from there to Louisville.[312]