V. The Italian peasant’s bagpipe, having two chanters, each with a single key, and one drone. In Germany the instrument was known as the _sackpfeife_, in Italy as the _cornamusa_, in Rome as _tibia utricularis_, in Lower Brittany as _bignou_, and other Continental names for it were _tiva_, _ciarmella_, _samponia_ or _samphoneja_ and _zampugna_. There was besides the simple combination of reed and bladder, so simple that it could be made by the shepherd boy himself, without the aid of tools and without any special aptitude for mechanics. From it spring all the others which demand the skill of the finished artisan and the help of turning laths and latter-day implements. The Italian bagpipe, which was made familiar in Britain through the wandering _pifferari_, was a very rude instrument, consisting of a goat’s skin, with an enormous drone, on which the player performed by means of a mouth tube, another player making the melody on a separate chanter. A visitor to Naples in 1824 describes a musician in a sheepskin coat, with the wool outwards, playing a bagpipe, of which the bag consisted of “the undressed skin of a goat inflated by one of the legs in its original shape.” How anything could be inflated by the leg of a goat he does not stop to inform us, but as the bagpipe now used in Italy is very agreeable and also presentable, though limited in power, it must have been improved considerably since 1824. That it did exist in a more finished condition is evident from the statement of another traveller, made in 1850, that he had heard the national music of Hungary played at Pesth on the _dudelsack_, “a genuine bagpipe, with a fine drone, adorned in front with a goat’s head, and covered with a goat’s skin.” It is not clear whether he means that the bag or the drone was adorned in front with the goat’s head, but most likely it was the bag, and the head would be in its original relation to the skin of the goat. The _sackpfeife_ (bagpipe) and _chalemie_ (shepherd’s pipe) seem to have been intimately associated with the wandering minstrels of Germany from time immemorial, and under the name of _dudey_ or _dudelsack_, is still well known to the German peasant. There are three recognised kinds of bagpipes in the British Islands:— I. The Northumbrian bagpipe. II. The Irish bagpipe. III. The Great Highland Bagpipe. The Northumbrian bagpipe is in two forms, one like the Highland, but of smaller dimensions and milder tone, and the other a miniature of this, and having the same relation to it as a fife has to a German band. The Lowland bagpipe of Scotland may be identified with the Northumbrian, but it is looked on rather contemptuously by the devotees of the Highland, because, in their opinion, it merely imitates other instruments, and is not fitted to perform what they consider the perfection of pipe music— the pibroch. [Illustration: THE NORTHUMBRIAN BAGPIPE ]