PHŒNICIAN CIVILISATION 346 The Phœnicians and the alphabet, 347. Manners and customs; religion, 348. Culture; art, 352. The Phœnician influence on history, 353. APPENDIX A CLASSICAL TRADITIONS 356 “The voyage of Hanno, beyond the pillars of Hercules, which he deposited in the temple of Saturn,” 356. Himilco’s voyage of discovery, 358. Pomponius Mela on the Phœnicians, 359. Appianus Alexandrinus on the founding of Carthage by Dido, 360. BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 361 A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHŒNICIAN HISTORY 363 PART VI. WESTERN ASIA INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. THE POSITION OF ASIA MINOR IN HISTORY. By William J. Hamilton 373 HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE MINOR KINGDOMS OF WESTERN ASIA (1528-546 B.C.) 380 CHAPTER I THE HITTITES 391 Recent Hittite research, 393. The Hittites and the Egyptians, 394. The Hittites and the Hebrews, 395. Hittite art, 396. Hittite monuments in Asia Minor, 397. CHAPTER II SCYTHIANS AND CIMMERIANS 400 The Scythians, 400. Scythian influences in Asia Minor, 400. Scythian movements, 401. Herodotus on the customs of the Scythians, 404. The Cimmerians, 410. CHAPTER III SOME PEOPLES OF SYRIA, ASIA MINOR, AND ARMENIA 413 The Aramæans, 413. Phrygia, 413. The Cappadocians, 415. The Cilicians, 416. Pamphylia and Pisidia, 416. The Carians, 417. The Lycians, 417. The Mysians, 419. The Bithynians and the Paphlagonians, 419. Armenia, 420. CHAPTER IV THE LYDIANS 421 The land, 422. The people, 423. Sardis and the name of Asia, 424. Early history of Lydia, 426. Ardys, 427. Early dynasties, 429. Gyges, 430. The triumph of Persia, 431. Lydian civilisation, 433. A picture of life in Lydia, 434. APPENDIX A CLASSICAL TRADITIONS 438