The oracle at Delphi, 170. National festivals, 170. The Olympian games, 172. Character of the games, 173. Monarchies and oligarchies, 175. Tyrannies, 177. Democracies, 179. CHAPTER X THE SMALLER CITIES AND STATES 181 Arcadia, Ellis, and Achaia, 181. Argos, Ægina, and Epidaurus, 182. Sicyon and Megara, 184. Bœotia, Locris, Phocis, and Eubœa, 187. Thessaly, 189. Corinth under Periander, 191. CHAPTER XI CRETE AND THE COLONIES 194 Beloch’s account of Greek colonisation, 198. CHAPTER XII SOLON THE LAWGIVER (_ca._ 638-558 B.C.) 207 The life and laws of Solon according to Plutarch, 209. The law concerning debts, 213. Class legislation, 215. Miscellaneous laws; the rights of women, 216. Results of Solon’s legislation, 217. Solon’s journey and return; Pisistratus, 219. A modern view of Solonian laws and constitution, 220. CHAPTER XIII PISISTRATUS THE TYRANT (550-527 B.C.) 222 The virtues of Pisistratus’ rule, 226. CHAPTER XIV DEMOCRACY ESTABLISHED AT ATHENS (514-490 B.C.) 231 Clisthenes, the reformer, 236. Ostracism, 245. The democracy established, 251. Trouble with Thebes, 252. CHAPTER XV THE FIRST FOREIGN INVASION (506-490 B.C.) 261 The origin of animosity, 262. The Ionic revolt, 264. War with Ægina, 267. The first invasion, 268. Battle of Marathon, 272. On the courage of the Greeks, 277. If Darius had invaded Greece earlier, 279. CHAPTER XVI MILTIADES AND THE ALLEGED FICKLENESS OF REPUBLICS (489 B.C.) 280 CHAPTER XVII THE PLANS OF XERXES (485-480 B.C.) 285 Xerxes bridges the Hellespont, 295. How the host marched, 297. The size of Xerxes’ army, 301. CHAPTER XVIII PROCEEDINGS IN GREECE FROM MARATHON TO THERMOPYLÆ (489-480 B.C.) 305 Themistocles and Aristides, 306. Congress at Corinth, 308. The vale of Tempe, 313. Xerxes reviews his host, 314. CHAPTER XIX THERMOPYLÆ (480 B.C.) 320 The famous story as told by Herodotus, 320. Leonidas and his allies, 321. Xerxes assails the pass, 323. The treachery of Ephialtes, 323. The final assault, 325. Discrepant accounts of the death of Leonidas, 327. After Thermopylæ, 327. CHAPTER XX THE BATTLES OF ARTEMISIUM AND SALAMIS (480 B.C.) 330