The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 05 : $b the Roman Republic
History
The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 05 : $b the Roman Republic
World history
The second law was a general agrarian law. Former agrarian laws had
merely divided certain portions of public land among the needy citizens;
but this laid down a general rule, by which the holding (_possessio_)
of all such lands was to be limited. The purpose of Licinius was good.
He wished to maintain that hardy race of yeomen who were the best
soldiers in the state-militia; whereas if all these lands were absorbed
by the rich, they would be cultivated by hired labourers or slaves. The
subsequent history will show how unfortunate it was for Rome that this
law was not more fully executed.
[Sidenote: [376-368 B.C.]]
At first the patricians were equally opposed to all these laws; they were
the chief creditors, and therefore would lose by the first law; they held
the bulk of the public lands on easy terms, and therefore would lose by
the second; they alone could be consuls, and therefore they could not
brook the third. We need not therefore wonder at a violent resistance;
nor is it wonderful that they should enlist many rich plebeians on their
side, for these persons would suffer as much as themselves from the first
two laws. Accordingly we find that some tribunes were found to put a
veto on the bills. But Licinius and Sextius would not be thus thwarted,
and themselves turned the powerful engine of the veto against their
opponents. When the time of the elections arrived they interdicted all
proceedings in the comitia of the centuries; consequently no consuls,
consular tribunes, censors, or quæstors could be elected. The tribunes
and ædiles, who were chosen at the comitia of tribes, were the only
officers of state for the ensuing year.
This state of things (as the Roman annalists say) lasted for five
years,[37] Licinius and Sextius being re-elected to the tribunate every
year. But in the fifth year, when the people of Tusculum, old allies
of Rome, applied for aid against the Latins, the tribunes permitted
consular tribunes to be elected to lead the army, and among them was M.
Fabius Ambustus, the father-in-law and friend of Licinius. The latter,
far from relaxing his claims, now proposed a fourth bill, providing
that, instead of two keepers of the Sibylline books (_duumviri_), both
patricians, there should be ten (_decemviri_), to be chosen alike from
both orders--so scornfully did he treat the pretensions of the patricians
to be sole ministers of religion.
The latter felt that the ground was slipping from under them, and that
the popular cause was daily gaining strength. In vain did the senate
order a dictator to be named for the purpose of settling the matter in
their favour. The great Camillus assumed the office for the fourth time,
but resigned; and P. Manlius Capitolinus, who was named presently after,
effected nothing.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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