641 Death of Heraclius. Death of =Constantine III=, after three months’ reign. Another son of Heraclius, by Martina, =Heracleonas=, whom Heraclius appointed to reign conjointly with Constantine, reigns alone for five months and then is banished. His brother David is appointed emperor under the name of Tiberius. His fate is unknown. =Constans II=, son of Constantine, becomes emperor. Alexandria taken by the Mohammedans. 647 Mohammedans drive the Romans out of Africa. 648 The _Type_ of Constans published. 649 Mohammedans invade Cyprus. 650 They take Aradus. 652 Armenia falls into their hands. 654 They capture Rhodes. 655 They defeat Constans in the great naval battle off Mount Phœnix in Lycia. Pope Martin is banished to the Chersonesus. 658 Campaign of Constans against the Slavs. Peace made with the Mohammedans. 661 Constans leaves Constantinople and spends winter at Athens. 662-663 Great Mohammedan invasion of Asia Minor. 663 Constans in Rome. 668 Mohammedans advance to Chalcedon and hold Amorium for a short time. Assassination of Constans at Syracuse. His son =Constantine (IV) Pogonatus= succeeds. 669 Mohammedans invade Sicily and carry off 180,000 prisoners from Africa. 670 Foundation of Kairwan, near Carthage. 673-677 Mohammedans besiege Constantinople. The Romans use the newly invented Greek fire against them. 678 Peace concluded with the Mohammedans. 679 Bulgarian War and foundation of the Bulgarian kingdom. 681 Constantine deprives his brothers Heraclius and Tiberius of the imperial title. The troops of the Orient had demanded that they, too, should receive the crown, and thus the Trinity in heaven might be represented on earth. 685 =Justinian II= succeeds his father. The caliph and emperor make peace. 687 Transference of the Mardaites from Lebanon to Thrace and Asia Minor. 689-690 Successful expedition of Justinian against the Bulgarians and Slavs. The Greeks are forced to emigrate from Cyprus; two hundred thousand Slavs transported to Asia Minor. 692 Battle of Sebastopolis. Symbatius revolts. Mohammedan subjection of Armenia. THE TWENTY YEARS’ ANARCHY (695-716 A.D.) 695 In consequence of his cruelties the general Leontius deposes Justinian, cuts off his nose, and banishes him to the Chersonesus. =Leontius= emperor. 697 Revolt of Lazica. Great Mohammedan invasion of Asia Minor. Hassan proceeds against Africa with success. Carthage taken. 698 The Mohammedans retake Carthage. Leontius dethroned. Aspimar becomes emperor as =Tiberius III=. The Mohammedans continue to ravage the empire. 705 =Justinian II=, now named =Rhinotmetus=, from his nasal mutilation, recovers the throne.