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The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 08 : $b Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; the Crusades and the Papacy — John Shaqi

The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 08 : $b Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; the Crusades and the Papacy

History

The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 08 : $b Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; the Crusades and the Papacy

World history

Abu Bekr, first caliph after Mohammed, 145. The caliph
    Omar, 150. The conquest of Persia, 151. The Syrian conquest
    completed, 156. Egypt captured, 160. The alleged burning of the
    library, 163. Othman, the third caliph, 167. Ali, 170.

                               CHAPTER VI

  THE OMAYYADS (661-750 A.D.)                                          175

    Foundation of the Omayyads, 175. Yazid made caliph, 176. Siege
    of Mecca, 177. Abdul-Malik, caliph, 179. Siege of Mecca, 180.
    The eastern caliphate, 184. Suleiman’s ambitions, 185. The last
    Omayyads, 186.

                               CHAPTER VII

  THE ARABS IN EUROPE (711-961 A.D.)                                   191

    The invasion of France, 198.

                              CHAPTER VIII

  THE ABBASIDS (750-1258 A.D.)                                         209

    Founding of Baghdad, 209. Harun Ar-Rashid, 210. Al-Mamun and
    his successors, 211. Baghdad under the caliphs, 213. Gradual
    decline of Arabian dominion in the East, 215. The various
    religious sects, 220. The Seljuk Turks, 225. Arabs and Turks
    unite against the Christians, 227. Saladin and his successors
    against the crusaders, 228. The Mongols under Jenghiz Khan
    invade western Asia, 230.

                               CHAPTER IX

  THE DECLINE OF THE MOSLEMS IN SPAIN (961-1609 A.D.)                  233

    Almansor, 233. Decay of power, 235. End of the Omayyads, 238.
    Independent kingdoms, 239. The Almoravids, 240. Dynasty of the
    Almohads, 246. Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 247. The decline
    of Arab power, 248.

                                CHAPTER X

  ARAB CIVILISATION                                                    260

    The Koran, 260. Doctrine of Islamism, 265. The pilgrimage to
    Mecca, 267. The holy war, 270. Arab culture, 271. Commerce and
    industry, 273. Paper, compass, and gunpowder, 274. Influence of
    the Arabs on European civilisation, 276. Scholasticism, 277.
    Mathematical science, 278. Medicine, 279. Architecture, 281.
    Music, 282.

                               CHAPTER XI

  TRIBAL LIFE OF THE EPIC PERIOD                                       284

                               CHAPTER XII

  THE PRINCIPLES OF LAW IN ISLAM                                       294

  BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS                      305

                 PART XIII. THE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACY

                          BOOK I. THE CRUSADES

  INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. THE VALUE OF THE CRUSADES IN THE LIGHT OF
  MODERN HISTORY. By the Reverend William Denton, M.A.                 311

  HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE CRUSADES (1096-1291 A.D.)                  314

                                CHAPTER I

  ORIGIN OF THE CRUSADES (306-1096 A.D.)                               320

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The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 08 : $b Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; the Crusades and the Papacy

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