768 Charlemagne ascends the Frankish throne. He gives an impetus to religion, education, and industry in Switzerland; founds schools and churches and increases their wealth. 774 The Franks gain possession of the Italian valleys of Switzerland till then held by the Langobardi. 843 By the Treaty of Verdum western or Burgundian Switzerland falls to Lothair, eastern or German Switzerland (Alamannia) with Rhætia to Ludwig the German. Feudalism is becoming well established in Switzerland. The church owns large estates and the bishops are powerful. Arts and sciences progress in the monasteries of St. Gall, Reichenau, and Pfäffers. 853 Ludwig the German founds the Fraumünster at Zurich. TIME OF BURGUNDIAN AND ALAMANNIAN RULERS 888 Rudolf I is crowned king of Upper Burgundy and begins to rule over western Switzerland. 917 Count Burkhard of Rhætia is made duke of Alamannia (Swabia). He rules over eastern Switzerland. 919 Burkhard I, duke of Alamannia, defeats Rudolf II of Upper Burgundy at Winterthur. 920 Alamannia is formally incorporated with Germany. Eastern Switzerland thus becomes a part of Germany. 922 Rudolf II of Upper Burgundy marries Burkhard’s daughter Bertha who brings to Burgundy the upper Aargau. 930 Rudolf II acquires Arelat (Cisjurane Burgundy) as the result of a raid into Italy with Hugo of Provence. Thus the kingdom of Burgundy is reunited and Switzerland, as an important part of this kingdom, attains prominence. 937 Rudolf II of Burgundy dies. Good Queen Bertha, his widow, rules beneficently as regent for her son Conrad. 940 Conrad is placed under the guardianship of Otto I of Germany. Beginning of German influence in western Switzerland. 950 Conrad defeats the Hungarians that invade Switzerland. 962 Queen Bertha founds a religious house at Payerne. (Traditional.) 990 Ekkehard II of St. Gall, the most famous man of learning of his time, dies. 992 The serfs rise against the nobles of Aargau and Thurgau. 993 Rudolf III of Burgundy. Switzerland is turned over more and more to the clergy and the great nobles. 1016 Rudolf III abdicates in favor of Henry II of Germany. Henry is opposed by the nobles of Burgundy in several battles in Switzerland. 1022 The distinguished scholar Notker III of St. Gall dies. FROM THE UNION OF SWITZERLAND UNDER THE GERMAN EMPERORS TO THE FOUNDING OF THE SWISS CONFEDERATION 1032 Conrad II of Germany defeats the Burgundians at Morat and Neuchâtel. 1033 He is crowned king of Burgundy and thus adds western Switzerland to Germany. 1038 Burgundy, Alamannia, and Rhætia fall to Henry III. All Switzerland is hereby reunited as part of Germany. St. Gall is a leader in learning. The abbeys of Zurich, Rheinau, and Einsiedeln and the bishoprics of Coire, Constance, and Bâle attain great eminence.