The North-western Slaves; Bohemia; Poland 159 Special position of Russia 159 § 5. _Northern Europe._ Scandinavian settlements 159-160 Growth of the kingdom of England 160 The Danish invasions; division between Ælfred and Guthrum; Bernicia; Cumberland 161 Second West-Saxon advance; Wessex grows into England; submission of Scotland and Strathclyde; Cumberland and Lothian 162 Use of the Imperial titles by the English kings; Northern Empire of Cnut; England finally united by the Norman Conquest 162-163 Summary 163-165 CHAPTER VII. THE ECCLESIASTICAL GEOGRAPHY OF WESTERN EUROPE. Permanence of ecclesiastical divisions; they preserve earlier divisions; case of Lyons and Rheims 166-167 Patriarchates, Provinces, Dioceses 167 Bishoprics within and without the Empire 167-168 § 1. _The Great Patriarchates._ The Patriarchates suggested by the Prefectures 168 Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem 168-169 Later Patriarchates 169-170 § 2. _The Ecclesiastical Divisions of Italy._ Great numbers and smaller importance of the Italian bishoprics 170 Rivals of Rome; Milan, Aquileia, Ravenna 171 The immediate Roman province; other metropolitan sees 171-172 § 3. _The Ecclesiastical Divisions of Gaul and Germany._ Gaulish and German dioceses 172 Provinces of Southern Gaul; position of Lyons 172-173 New metropolitan sees; Toulouse, Alby, Avignon, Paris; comparison of civil and ecclesiastical divisions 174 Provinces of Northern Gaul and Germany; history of Mainz 178-179 The archiepiscopal electors; other German provinces; Salzburg, Bremen, Magdeburg 176-177 Modern arrangements in France, Germany, and the Netherlands 177 § 4. _The Ecclesiastical Divisions of Spain._ Peculiarities of Spanish ecclesiastical geography; effects of the Saracen conquest 178 Gothic and later dioceses; neglect of the Pyrenæan barrier 178-179 § 5. _The Ecclesiastical Divisions of the British Islands._ Analogy between Britain and Spain 179 Tribal nature of the Celtic episcopate 179-180 Scheme of Gregory the Great; the two English provinces; relation of Scotland to York 180-181 Foundation of the English sees; territorial bishoprics 181