Lotharingia 140-141 Extent of the Western Kingdom 141 Its great fiefs; Aquitaine; France; Normandy cut off from France 142 Origin of the French kingdom and nation; union of the duchy of France with the Western kingdom 143 New use of the word _France_; title of _Rex Francorum_ 143-144 Paris the kernel of France 144 Various uses of the name _Burgundy_ 144 The French Duchy; the Middle Kingdom; Transjurane and Cisjurane Burgundy 144-145 Great cities of the Burgundian kingdom 145 Separation of Burgundy from the Frankish kingdom; its union with Germany 145-146 Its later history; mainly swallowed up by France, but partly represented by Switzerland 146 Kingdom of Italy; its extent; separate principalities 146-147 Italy represents the Lombard kingdom; Milan its capital 147 Abeyance of the Western Empire; its restoration by Otto the Great; the three Imperial kingdoms 147-148 Rivalry between France and the Empire 148 § 2. _The Eastern Empire._ Rivalry of the Eastern and Western Empires and Churches; Greek character of the Eastern Empire; fluctuations in its extent 149 The _Themes_; Asiatic Themes 149-151 The European Themes; Hellas; Lombardy; Sicily 151-152 Older Greek names supplanted by new ones 151 Character of the European and Asiatic dominion of the Empire; its supremacy by sea 152 Losses and gains; Crete; Sicily; Italy; Dalmatia; Greece; Syria; Bulgaria; Cherson 152-153 Greatness of the Empire under Basil the Second 153 § 3. _Origin of the Spanish Kingdoms._ Special position of Spain; the Saracen conquest 153-154 Growth of the Christian states 154-155 Castile; Aragon; Portugal 155 Break-up of the Western Caliphate 156 § 4. _Origin of the Slavonic States._ Slavonic and Turanian invasions of the Eastern Empire; Bulgarians; Magyars; Great Moravia 156-157 Special character of the Hungarian kingdom; effects of its religious connexion with the West 157 The Northern and Southern Slaves split asunder by the Magyars 158 The South-eastern Slaves 158