Germany under the Saxon and Frankish kings; vanishing of Francia; analogy of Wessex 205-206 Changes in the twelfth century; beginning of Brandenburg and Austria; the duchies and the circles 206-207 Duchy of Saxony; its divisions and growth 207 Break-up of the duchy; Westfalia; the new Saxony 207 Duchy of Brunswick; electorate and kingdom of Hannover 208 The new Saxony; Lauenburg; the Saxon Electorate 208-209 The North Mark of Saxony or Mark of Brandenburg 209 House of Hohenzollern; union of Brandenburg and Prussia 210 Advances in Pomerania, Westfalia, &c. 210 German character of the Prussian state; its contrast with Austria; use of the name _Prussia_ 210-211 Conquest of Silesia; Polish acquisitions of Prussia; East Friesland 211-212 Saxon Possessions of Denmark and Sweden 212-213 Free cities of Saxony; the Hansa; the cities and the bishoprics 213-214 Duchy of _Francia_; held by the bishops of Würzburg; the Franconian circle 214 The Rhenish circles; Hessen; Bamberg; Nürnberg; the ecclesiastical states on the Rhine 214-215 Palatinate of the Rhine; Upper Palatinate 215 Bavaria; its relations towards the Palatinate and towards Austria 215 Archbishopric of Salzburg 215 Lotharingia; falling off from the Empire; the later Lorraine and Elsass 216 Swabia; ecclesiastical powers 216 Swabian lands of the Confederates 216 Baden and Württemberg 216 Circle of Austria; house of Habsburg 217 Extent of its German lands; Tyrol; Elsass; loss of Swabian lands 217 Bohemia and its dependencies 217 Trent and Brixen 217 Circle of Burgundy; not purely German; its origin 218 § 2. _The Confederation and Empire of Germany._ Germany changes from a kingdom to a confederation 218 The _Bund_; the new Confederation and Empire; the Empire still federal 219 Wars of the French Revolution; loss of the left bank of the Rhine 220 Suppression of free cities and ecclesiastical states; new electorates 220 Peace of Pressburg; new kingdoms; cessions made by Austria 221