Meanwhile in the northern province things never reached the same regular organization. ♦York. | Lindisfarn | or Durham, | Carlisle, 1133.♦ York, after some changes, took the position of a metropolitan see, with one suffragan, first at _Lindisfarn_ and afterwards at _Durham_, and another at _Carlisle_. ♦Saint Andrews, 1471. | Glasgow. 1492.♦ As the Scottish dioceses broke off from York, they first acknowledged a kind of precedence in the Bishop of _St. Andrews_; but it was not till a far later time that Scotland was divided into two regular ecclesiastical provinces with their sees at _St. Andrews_ and _Glasgow_. ♦Edinburgh. 1634.♦ Several of the Scottish dioceses always kept their territorial titles; their sees were mostly fixed in small places; and of the chief seats of Scottish royalty, Dunfermline and Stirling never attained episcopal rank at all, and _Edinburgh_ only attained it in quite modern times. ♦The four Irish provinces.♦ The endless and fluctuating bishoprics of Ireland were in the twelfth century gathered into the four provinces of _Armagh_, _Dublin_, _Cashel_, and _Tuam_, answering to the temporal divisions of _Ulster_, _Leinster_, _Munster_, and _Connaught_. It is to be noticed that, in marked contradiction to continental practice, the chief see in all the three British kingdoms has been placed in a city which has never held the first temporal rank. Canterbury, St. Andrews, Armagh, were never the temporal heads of England, Scotland, and Ireland. York, Dublin, Glasgow, though metropolitan sees, were of secondary rank, and London and Winchester were ordinary bishoprics. § 6. _The Ecclesiastical Divisions of Northern and Eastern Europe._ ♦Ecclesiastical division in the converted lands.♦