The Picts; their union with the Scots; Scottish Strathclyde; Galloway 550 Scandinavian settlements; Caithness and Sutherland 550 English supremacy; taking of Edinburgh; grants of Cumberland and Lothian 550-551 Difference of tenure gradually forgotten 551 Effects of the grant of Lothian; shiftings of Cumberland, Carlisle, and Northumberland 551-552 Boundary of England and Scotland; relations between the kingdoms 552 Struggle with the Northmen; recovery of Caithness, Galloway, and the Sudereys 553 History of Man; of Orkney 553 § 2. _The Kingdom of England._ Changes of boundary toward Wales; conquests of Harold 553 Norman conquest of North Wales 554 Princes of North Wales; English conquest 554 The principality of Wales; full incorporation with England 554-555 The English shires; two classes of shires; ancient principalities; shires mapped out in the tenth century 555 The new shires; Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, Rutland 555-556 § 3. _Ireland._ Ireland the first Scotland; its provinces 556 Settlements of the Ostmen; increasing connexion with England; the English conquest; fluctuations of the Pale 556-557 Lordship and kingdom of Ireland; its relations to England and Great Britain 557 § 4. _Outlying European Possessions of England._ The Norman Islands; Aquitaine, Calais, &c. 558 Outposts and islands 558 Greek possessions; the Ionian Islands; Cyprus 558-559 § 5. _The American Colonies of England._ The United States of America 559 First English settlements; Virginia; the New England States; Maryland; Carolina 559-561 Settlements of the United Provinces and Sweden; New Netherlands; New Sweden; New York 561 The Jerseys; Pennsylvania; Delaware; Georgia 561-562 The thirteen Colonies; their independence 562 Nova Scotia; Canada; Louisiana; Florida 562-563 A new English nation formed; lack of a name; use of the name _America_ 563-564 Second English nation in North America; the Canadian confederation 564 The West India Islands, &c. 565 § 6. _Other Colonies and Possessions of England._