Advance of Aragon and Portugal 533 Final advance of Castile; kingdom of Granada; Gibraltar 534 Geographical position of the Spanish kingdoms 534-535 Title of ‘King of Spain;’ the lesser kingdoms 535-536 § 2. _Growth and Partition of the Great Spanish Monarchy._ Little geographical change in the peninsula; territories beyond the peninsula; the great Spanish Monarchy 536 Conquest of Granada; end of Mussulman rule 536-537 Union of Castile and Aragon; loss, recovery, and final loss of Roussillon; annexation and separation of Portugal 537-538 Gibraltar and Minorca 537 Advance of Aragon beyond the peninsula; union with the Sicilies and Sardinia 538 Extension of Castile dominion; the Burgundian inheritance; duchy of Milan 539 Extent of the Spanish Monarchy; loss of the United Netherlands; lands lost to France 539 Partition of the Spanish Monarchy; later relations with the Sicilies; duchy of Parma 539-540 § 3. _The Colonial Dominion of Spain and Portugal._ Character of the outlying dominion of Portugal 540 African conquests of Portugal; kingdom of Algarve beyond the Sea; Ceuta, Tangier 541 Advance in Africa and the islands; Cape of Good Hope; dominion in India and Arabia 541-542 Settlement and history of Brazil; the one American monarchy 542 Division of the Indies between Spain and Portugal; African and insular dominion of Spain 542-543 American dominions of Spain; revolutions of the Spanish colonies; two Empires of Mexico 543-544 The Spanish West Indies 544 CHAPTER XIII. THE BRITISH ISLANDS AND COLONIES. Isolation and independence of Britain; late Roman conquest and early loss; Britain another world and Empire 545 Shiftings of the Celtic and Teutonic kingdoms; little geographical change in later times 546 English settlements beyond sea; new English nations 547 § 1. _The Kingdom of Scotland._ Greatness of Scotland due to its English elements; two English kingdoms in Britain 548 Use of the Scottish name 549 Analogy with Switzerland 549 The three elements in the later Scotland; English, British, Irish; Lothian, Strathclyde, Scotland 549