Growth of Macedonia; Philip; Alexander and the Successors; effects of their conquests 37 Epeiros under Pyrrhos; Athamania 37 The Macedonian kingdoms; Egypt; Syria 38 Independent states in Asia; Pergamos 38 Asiatic states; advance of Greek culture 39 Free cities; Hêrakleia 39 Sinôpê; Bosporos 39 § 8. _Later Geography of Independent Greece._ The Confederations; Achaia, Aitolia; smaller confederations 40 Macedonian possessions 40 First Roman possessions east of the Hadriatic 40 Progress of Roman conquest in Macedonia and Greece 41 Special character of Greek history 42 CHAPTER III. FORMATION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. Meanings of the name Italy; its extent under the Roman commonwealth 43 Characteristics of the Italian peninsula; the great islands 44 § 1. _The Inhabitants of Italy and Sicily._ Ligurians and Etruscans 45 The Italian nations; Latins and Oscans 45-46 Other nations; Iapygians; Gauls; Veneti; use of the name _Venetia_ 46-47 Greek colonies in Italy; Kymê and Ankôn 47 The southern colonies; their history 47-48 Inhabitants of Sicily; Sikanians and Sikels 48 Phœnician and Greek settlements; rivalry of Aryan and Semitic powers 48-49 § 2. _Growth of the Roman Power in Italy._ Gradual conquest of Italy; different positions of the Italian states 49 Origin of Rome; its Latin element dominant 49-50 Early Latin dominion of Rome 50 Conquest of Veii; more distant wars 50 Incorporation of the Italian states 50-51 § 3. _The Western Provinces._ Nature of the Roman provinces 51 Eastern and Western provinces 52 First Roman possessions in Sicily; conquest of Syracuse 53 State of Sicily; its Greek civilization 53 Sardinia and Corsica 53-54 Cisalpine Gaul 54-55 Liguria; Venetia; Istria; foundation of Aquileia 55 Spain; its inhabitants; Iberians; Celts; Greek and Phœnician colonies 55-56