In war, also, as a science, the Turks had improved more than the Christians. We find that the troops of Saladin employed means in their sieges that they had acquired from the crusaders; that they stood firmly the charge of the cavalry; that they now fought hand to hand with the mailed warriors of Europe, and mixed all the modes of chivalrous warfare with those they had practised before. We do not perceive, however, that the Latins adopted their activity or their skill with the bow; and at the same time it must be remarked, that the armies of the Moslem fought as a whole, under the absolute command of one chief; while the Christians, divided in the battle as in the time of peace, were broken into separate corps under feudal leaders, who each consulted his own will fully as much as that of his sovereign. Many other causes might be traced for the Christian fall and the Mussulman triumph; but perhaps more has been already said than was required. Whatever were the causes the result was the same--Jerusalem was taken by the Moslem, and consternation spread through Christendom. CHAPTER XII. _The News of the Fate of Palestine reaches Europe--The Archbishop of Tyre comes to seek for Aid--Assistance granted by William the Good, of Sicily--Death of Urban, from Grief at the Loss of Jerusalem--Gregory VIII. promotes a Crusade--Expedition of Frederic, Emperor of Germany--His Successes--His Death--State of Europe--Crusade promoted by the Troubadours--Philip Augustus and Henry II. take the Cross--Laws enacted--Saladin's tenth--War renewed--Death of Henry II.--Accession of Richard Coeur de Lion--The Crusade--Philip's March--Richard's March--Affairs of Sicily--Quarrels between the Monarchs--Philip goes to Acre--Richard subdues Cyprus--Arrives at Acre--Siege and Taking of Acre--Fresh Disputes--Philip Augustus returns to Europe--Richard marches on--Battle of Azotus--Heroism of Richard--Unsteady Councils--The Enterprise abandoned._