The War of the Austrian Succession--The Treaty of Utrecht--Reign of Philip V--Renewed Conflicts in the West Indies--Settlement of Pensacola--Aggressions of the French--Cuban Interests Affected by European Affairs--Increased Protection of the Island--Two Local Governors--Attacks upon Charleston--Raids of British Warships--Speculation in Tobacco--More Fortifications in a Time of Peace--Churches and Convents--Sanitary Measures--Official Quarrels--Reorganization of the Tobacco Industry--Seeking Administrative Stability--A Tobacco Insurrection--A Warning to the British--Fortifications of Havana. CHAPTER XXVII 345 Great Impetus Given to Discovery and Exploration Throughout the World--Interesting Observations upon Cuba and the Indies--Some Quaint Records--A Description of the Natives of Cuba--Something About the Natural Resources of the Island from Ancient Authorities--Spanish and Alien Descriptions of Cuba--Early Writings About Cuba in Various Languages--Fra Vincente Fonseca--A Dutch Description of Cuba--Attention Given to the Wealth of Cuban Forests--Reasons Given for the Rise and Subsequent Decline of Spanish Power--Some Superstitions and Legends. CHAPTER XXVIII 360 Cuba Neglected During an Era of Great Achievements--The Golden Age of Spain--Culture at Home and Conquest Abroad--A Noteworthy Group of Spanish Historians--The University of Santo Domingo--The First American Books--Cuba's Lack of Participation in these Activities, and the Reasons for it--A Turning Point in Cuban History at the End of the Sixteenth Century--Cubans Beginning to Become Cubans and Not Spaniards--A Significant Change in the Temper and Character of the People of the Island. ILLUSTRATIONS FULL PAGE PLATES: Columbus (Janez Portrait) _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE The Havana Cathedral 36 La Fuerza 146 Morro Castle, Havana 180 San Francisco Church 226 Morro Castle, Santiago 298 TEXT EMBELLISHMENTS: PAGE Monument on Supposed First Tending Place of Columbus, Watling's Island 3 Queen Isabella 13 Diego Velasquez 59 Baracoa, First Capital of Cuba 60 Panfilo de Narvaez 63