THE HISTORY OF MODERN PAINTING [Illustration: ANTON GRAFF PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST] THE HISTORY OF MODERN PAINTING BY RICHARD MUTHER PROFESSOR OF ART HISTORY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRESLAU IN FOUR VOLUMES [Illustration] VOLUME ONE REVISED EDITION CONTINUED BY THE AUTHOR TO THE END OF THE XIX CENTURY LONDON: PUBLISHED BY J. M. DENT & CO. NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO. MCMVII _Printed by_ MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED _Edinburgh_ CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix INTRODUCTION Old and new histories of art.--Seeming "restlessness" of the nineteenth century.--To recognise "style" in modern art, and to prove the logic of its evolution, the principles of judgment in the old art-histories are also to be employed for the new.--The question is, what new element the age brought into the history of art, not what it borrowed eclectically from earlier ages 1 BOOK I THE LEGACY OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY CHAPTER I COMMENCEMENT OF MODERN ART IN ENGLAND The commencement of modern art in England.--Two divisions of modern art since the sixteenth century.--Classic and naturalistic schools.--English succeed the Dutch in the seventeenth century.--William Hogarth: his purpose and his inartistic methods.--Sir Joshua Reynolds.--Thomas Gainsborough.--Comparison between them.--Reynolds, an historical painter; Gainsborough, a painter of landscape.--Pictures of Richard Wilson show the end of classical landscape.--Those of Gainsborough, the beginning of "paysage intime" 9 CHAPTER II THE HISTORICAL POSITION OF ART ON THE CONTINENT