English influence upon the art of the Continent from the middle of the eighteenth century.--Sturm-und-Drang period in literature.--Rousseau.--Goethe's "Werther."--Schiller's "Robbers."--Spain: Francis Goya, his pictures and etchings.--France: Antoine Watteau frees himself from "baroque" influences, and directs the tendency of French art towards the Low Countries.--Pastel: Maurice Latour, Rosalba Carriera, Liotard.--Society painters: Lancrat, Pater.--The decorative painters: François Lemoine, François Boucher, Fragonard.--"Society" turns virtuous.--Jean Greuze.--Middle-class society and its depicter, Jean Baptiste Siméon Chardin.--Germany: Lessing frees the drama from the classical yoke of Boileau, and, following the English, produces in "Minna" the first domestic tragedy.--Daniel Chodowiecki as the portrayer of the German middle class.--Tischbein goes back to the national past.--Posing disappears in portrait painting.--Antoine Pesne.--Anton Graff.--Christian Lebrecht Vogel.--Johann Edlinger.--The revival of landscape.--Rousseau's influence.--English garden-style succeeds the French style.--Disappearance of "nature choisie" in painting.--Hubert Robert.--Joseph Vernet.--Salomon Gessner.--Ludwig Hess.--Philip Hackert.--Johann Alexander Thiele.--Antonio Canale.--Bernardo Canaletto.--Francesco Guardi.--Don Petro Rodriguez de Miranda.--Don Mariano Ramon Sanchez.--The animal painters: François Casanova, Jean Louis de Marne, Jean Baptiste Oudry, Johann Elias Riedinger.--An event in the history of art: in place of the prevailing Cinquecento and the "sublime style of painting" degraded at the close of the seventeenth century, a simple and sincere art succeeds throughout the whole of Europe.--Return to what Dürer and the Little Masters of the sixteenth century and the Dutch of the seventeenth century originated 41 CHAPTER III THE CLASSICAL REACTION IN GERMANY The influence of the antique at the end of the eighteenth century shows no advance, but an unnatural retrograde movement, and notes in Germany the beginning of the same decadence which had happened in Italy with the Bolognese, in France with Poussin, and in Holland with Gérard de Lairesse.--The teachings of Winckelmann, Anton Rafael Mengs, Angelica Kauffmann.--The younger generation carries out the classical programme in the value it sets upon technical traditions.--Asmus Jacob Carstens.--Buonaventura Genelli 80 CHAPTER IV THE CLASSICAL REACTION IN FRANCE