In France also the classical tendency in art was no new thing, but a revival of the antique which was restored to life by the foundation of the French Academy in Rome in 1663.--Influence of archæological studies.--Elizabeth Vigée-Lebrun.--The Revolution heightens the enthusiasm for the antique, and once more gives Classicism an appearance of brilliant animation.--Jacques Louis David.--His portraits and his pictures in relation to contemporary history.--David as an archæologist.--Jean Baptiste Regnault.--François André Vincent.--Guérin 98 BOOK II THE ESCAPE INTO THE PAST CHAPTER V THE NAZARENES Influence of literature.--Wackenroder.--Tieck.--The Schlegels.--Instead of the antique, the Italian Quattrocento appears as the model for the schools.--Frederick Overbeck.--Philip Veit.--Joseph Führich.--Edward Steinle--Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld.--Their pictures and their drawings 117 CHAPTER VI THE ART OF MUNICH UNDER KING LUDWIG I Peter Cornelius.--Wilhelm Kaulbach.--Their importance and their limitations 141 CHAPTER VII THE DÜSSELDORFERS On the Rhine, a school of painting instead of a school of drawing.--Wilhelm Schadow, Carl Friedrich Lessing, Theodor Hildebrandt, Carl Sohn, Heinrich Mücke, Christian Koehler, H. Plüddemann, Eduard Bendemann, Theodor Mintrop, Friedrich Ittenbach, Ernest Deger.--Why their pictures, despite technical merits, have become antiquated 157 CHAPTER VIII THE LEGACY OF GERMAN ROMANTICISM Alfred Rethel and Moritz Schwind oppose the Roman with the German tradition.--Their pictures and drawings 167 CHAPTER IX THE FORERUNNERS OF ROMANTICISM IN FRANCE Last years of the David school wearisome and without character, except in portrait painting.--François Gérard, the "King of Painters and Painter of Kings"; his portraits of the Empire and Restoration periods.--Commencement of the revolt: Pierre Paul Prudhon; his pictures and the story of his life; Constance Mayer.--Revival of colouring.--Antoine Jean Gros and his pictures of contemporary life; discrepancy between his teaching and his practice 189 CHAPTER X THE GENERATION OF 1830 The revolt of the Romanticists against Classicism in literature and art.--Théodore Géricault and his early works.--"The Raft of the Medusa."--Eugène Delacroix: protest against the conventional, and renewed importance of colour.--Delacroix's pictures; influence of the East upon him.--His life and struggles.--The Classical reaction.--J. A. D. Ingres and the opposition to Romanticism.--His classical pictures.--Excellence of his portraits and drawings 219 CHAPTER XI JUSTE-MILIEU