Wool, a custom on, 1275, 111-113; seizure of, 1294, 124; seizure of, 1297, 136; tax on, under _Confirmatio Cartarum_, 147-148; increased duties to foreign merchants, 1302, 158; rate reëstablished, 165; assaults of Edward III upon the wool customs, 172-177; statute for Parliamentary control, 177; practice at variance with it, 180-183; proceeds of a subsidy in time of Richard II, 197. See also New Customs, Ancient Customs. York, Geoffrey of, refuses assent to John’s thirteenth, 56. FOOTNOTES: [1] Tacitus, _Germania_, cap. xv. “Mos est civitatibus ultro ac viritim conferre principibus vel armentorum vel frugum, quod pro honore acceptum etiam necessitatibus subvenit.” [2] Vinogradoff, _Growth of the Manor_, 142, 143. [3] The _heriot_, unlike the feudal incident known to the Normans as a _relief_, was a repayment to the king upon the death of a vassal, of the various accoutrements with which he had been endowed. The statute of Cnut II, § 72, fixes the heriot of an earl at eight horses, four suits of armor, and two hundred mancuses of gold. The heriot varied in amount according to the rank of the deceased vassal. The statute is given in Stubbs, _Select Charters_, 74. [4] Florentii Wigorniensis, _Chronicon ex Chronicis_, a. 991, p. 149. [5] “This tax was levied by reference to the hides into which in the various hundreds of the shire, land was divided for the purposes of taxation.” The hide was the equivalent of 100 or 120 acres. The rate was one to four shillings, as occasion required. 1 Dowell, _History of Taxation and Taxes in England_, 8. [6] Amount in 1002, £24,000.--Flor. Wig. a. 1002, p. 155. Amount in 1007, £36,000.--Flor. Wig. a. 1007, p. 159. Amount in 1011 not stated. [7] 1 Dowell, _History of Taxation and Taxes in England_, 10. [8] 1 Roger of Hoveden, 110. [9] Decretum est primum iam ut solveretur tributum Danicis viris, propter magnos horrores quos incusserunt incolis maritimis; in primis nempe, X milia librarum. Illud consilium constituit Siricus Archiepiscopus. _Chron. Sax._ a. 991. [10] Tunc rex Aegelredus, procerum suorum consilio, ad eos legatos misit, promittens tributum et stipendium ea conventione illis se daturum, ut a sua crudelitate omnino desisterunt. Flor. Wig. 151, 152; a. 994. [11] Flor. Wig. 155, 159, 163; a. 1002, 1007, 1011. [12] Medley, _English Constitutional History_, 117, 118. [13] 2 Kemble, _Saxons in England_, 204-240. [14] At the great Gemôt of Salisbury, 1086, William put an end to the disrupting effects of subinfeudation by causing all holders of land, whether their tenure was mediate or immediate of him to swear primary allegiance to the king. [15] 1 Stubbs, _Const. Hist. Eng._ 385, note. [16] 2 Flor. Wig. 17, a. 1084; and 1 Rogeri de Hoveden, 139. “Rex Anglorum Willelmus de unaquaque hida per Angliam sex solidos accepit.” This rate of six shillings the hide was three times as great as the amount under the Saxons.