—, Rabbinic Seminary of, 106 Nicholas I, 96 Nigrinus, 73 Nikanor, 12 Nikolsburg, 106 Norway, 95 Nuremberg, 67, 68 Odessa, 96. Offenbach, 77 Oglethorpe, James, 82 Omar, Covenant of, 36 Onias III, 10 Oppenheimer, Moritz, 108 —, Samuel, 79 Orah Hayyim, 67 Organizations, 111, 112 Orzeska, Eliza, 103 Ostrogoths, 36 Ottolenghi, Joseph, 100 Padua, School at, 106 Palaggi, Hayim, 105 Palestine, Character of Studies in, 32 Pantheism (Monism), 76 Parliaments, Jews as members of, 94, 95, 97 Parsees, 28 Parthians, 14, 28 Paul IV, 71 Payetanim, 45 Peretz, Isaac Loeb, 102 Perls, Joseph, 105 Persecutions (see Mob Violence, Host Desecration, and Blood Accusation) Persia, 8, 30, 40 Peter the Cruel, 58 Petronius, 16 Pfefferkorn, John, 73, 74 Pharisees, 13, 21 Philip, son of Herod, 15 — IV of France, 57 — V of France, 57, 72 Philippi, Battle of, 14 Philippson, Ludwig, 104 Pick, Isaiah, 88 Pilpul, 34, 87, 88 Pirke, Rabbi Eliezer, 45 Pius V, 71 —, Marcus Antoninus, 23, 26 Piyut, 45 Podolia, 77 Poland, 57, 62, 71, 77, 78 Pompey, 14 Pontius Pilate, 16 Popes, 37, 38, 48, 53, 57, 59, 61, 70, 71, 72, 74, 93 Portugal, 60, 76, 80, 81, 82 Press, Jewish, 101, 103, 104 Printing, 62, 71, 75 Priscus, 38 Propaganda, 20, 29 Protestantism, 72, 73 Prussia (see Berlin and Germany), 90, 92, 94 Ptolemy, of Egypt, 9 —, son-in-law of Simon the Maccabee, 12 Pumbeditha, School of, 34, 40, 42 Quietus, 21 Quirinius, 16 Rab (see Abba Areka) Raba, 34 Rabba bar Nahmani, 34 Rabbenu-Hakadosh (see Judah Hanasi) — Tam, 51, 52 Rabbi (see Judah Hanasi) Rabina, 34 Ramban, 66, 69 Rapoport, Solomon Loew, 107 Rashba (see Solomon ibn Adret) Rashbam, 51, 52 Rashi, 51, 52 Ratisbon, 56, 57 Ravenna, 37 Rebellion of Jews, under Trajan, 21 Reform Movement, 109, 110, 111 Reformation, 72, 73, 74, 78, 83 Reggio, Isaac Samuel, 107 Renaissance, 73, 83, 84 Resh Galutha, 40 — Methibta, 40 Responsa (see Teshubot) Reubeni, David, 72 Reuchlin, John, 73, 74 Reyna, 70 Rhode Island, 76, 82 Ribash (see Isaac ben Sheshet) Richard Cœur de Lion, 48 Riesser, Gabriel, 94 Rieti, Moses, 65 Rindfleisch riot, 55, 67 Roettingen, 54 Rokeah, 68 Romano, Elijah, 71 —, Solomon, 71 Rome, 13 sq. (see Popes), 93 Rosenfeld, Morris, 102 Rosh, 67 Rosheim, Josel, 74 Rossi, Azariah dei (see Azariah) Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, 95 —, Baron Nathan de, 96 Rumania, 97, 99 Russia, 96, 97, 99 Saadya Gaon, 42, 43 Sabbatai Zebi, 76, 77, 88 Saboraim, 34 Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 103 Sadducees, 13 Safed, 70, 86 Saladin, 63 Salman ben Jeroham, 43 Salome Alexandra, 13 Salomons, David, 95 Samaritans, Conversion of, 12 Samuel of Nehardea, 33 — ben Meir (see Rashbam) —, Herbert, 100