Schol. Aristoph. Acharn. 737. Athen. ii. 45. Footnote 1201: Dioscor. ii. 205. Footnote 1202: Id. iii. 53. Footnote 1203: Id. ii. 167. Footnote 1204: Poll. vi. 61. Footnote 1205: Athen. ii. 76. Schol. Aristoph. Eq. 891. Footnote 1206: Dioscor. iii. 34. Footnote 1207: Id. ii. 190. ----- Although, properly speaking, there may, in early times, have been no such trades as those of the druggist and the apothecary, there very soon arose a class of men who nearly resembled them, though professing to practise medicine.[1208] Into the shops of those persons we shall now beg leave to enter, and observe some few of the materials with which the children of Æsculapius preserved or destroyed the health of the Greeks. The art of medicine itself, as it existed among them, I shall not venture to examine, abandoning that part of the subject to the investigation of professional men.[1209] ----- Footnote 1208: Beckmann, History of Inventions, ii. 122, sqq. Footnote 1209: See, on this subject, Dissen. ad Pind. Pyth. iii. 47. 51. I may here, however, by the way, remark, that while the free citizens were attended by physicians of their own rank, there were likewise servile practitioners who prescribed for the diseases of slaves. Plat. De Leg. iv. t. vii. p. 362, seq. Cf. Poll. iv. 177, sqq. ----- The interior of an ancient surgery, though it may have been less lavishly furnished than one of our own day, made, nevertheless, some pretensions to show. There were, for example, ranged in order on shelves, numerous medicine chests of ivory; brass and silver cupping instruments,[1210] lancet-cases, and cases inlaid with gold.[1211] Flowers and aromatic plants were laid up in boxes of the wood of the linden tree, while seeds were preserved in paper or leaves. Liquid medicines were kept in vessels of silver, glass, or horn, or even in earthenware jars, provided they were well glazed. For these they sometimes substituted vases of boxwood, though those of metal were generally preferred, at least for all such as were intended for the eyes, or contained vinegar, pitch, or cedar juice. Lard, marrow, and all similar substances, were put into vessels of pewter.[1212] The instruments[1213] in most common use besides the bistoury, were the forceps, the scissors, the hypographs, the ear-pick, the probe,[1214] the needle, the scalpel, the tooth-file, the tooth-wrench, the eueidion, and the podostrabe, an instrument for reducing luxations. We ought, likewise, perhaps, to mention the bandages, ligatures, swathes, plaisters, lint, amulets, and bleeding-bowls.[1215] ----- Footnote 1210: Aristot. Poet. c. 22, Rhet. iii. 2. Footnote 1211: Luc. adv. Indoct. § 29. Footnote 1212: Dioscor. proœm. p. 4. Footnote 1213: On the primitive instruments of surgery see Goguet, Origine des Loix. t. ii. p. 17. Footnote 1214: Beckmann, History of Inventions, iii. 160. Footnote 1215: Poll. iv. 181. -----