In former days Judeo-German was known only by the name of _Iwre-teutsch_, or _Jüdisch-teutsch_. Frequently such words were used as _Mame-loschen_ (Mother-tongue), or _Prost-jüdisch_ (Simple Yiddish), but through the efforts of the disciples of the Haskala (Reform), the designation of _Jargon_ has been forced upon it; and that appellation has been adopted by later writers in Russia, so that now one generally finds only this latter form as the name of the language used by the writers in Russia. The people, however, speak of their vernacular as _Jüdisch_, and this has given rise in England and America to the word _Yiddish_ for both the spoken and written form. It is interesting to note that originally the name had been merely _Teutsch_ for the language of the Jews, for they were conscious of their participation with the Germans in a common inheritance. Reminiscences of that old designation are left in such words as _verteutschen_, 'to translate,' _i.e._ to do into German, and _steutsch_, 'how do you mean it?' contracted from _is teutsch?_ 'how is that in German?' The main differences between Judeo-German[22] and the mother-tongue are these: its vocalism has undergone considerable change, varying from locality to locality; the German unaccented final _e_ has, as in other dialects of German, disappeared; in declensional forms, the genitive has almost entirely disappeared, while in the Lithuanian group the dative has also coincided with the accusative; in the verb, Judeo-German has lost almost entirely the imperfect tense; the order of words is more like the English than the German. These are all developments for which parallels can be adduced from the region of Frankfurt. Judeo-German is, consequently, not an anomaly, but a natural development. III. FOLKLORE