From the Albany plan of union to the completion of the organization of the government under the Constitution; the period preceding the Revolution as preparation for separation; the Revolution; the confederation and the constitution. Special stress will be placed on the formation of the constitution. 3. METHODS OR PRESENTING HISTORY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS. Professor RISLEY. This is a lecture course intended for teachers and involves a consideration of teachers’ preparation, model lessons, emphasis, definiteness, point of view, various aids as outlines, maps, illustrative material, etc., with suggestions as to syllabus and a review of leading texts. NOTE.--Course 1 and 2 may be taken with graduate credit upon the recommendation of the professors. Columbia University. New York City. SUMMER SESSION, JULY 6 TO AUGUST 17, 1910. HISTORY. sA1. EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES; THE CHIEF POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND INTELLECTUAL ACHIEVEMENTS. Lectures, reading, and discussion. Three points. Dr. HAYES. sA2. MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN HISTORY. Lectures, reading, and discussion. Three points. Dr. HAYES. This course is designed as an introduction to current national and international problems. The principal topics will be monarchy by divine right and the old régime in Europe, the intellectual achievements of the eighteenth century, the French Revolution with reference to political and economic changes, the work of Napoleon in reforming France and in re-shaping the map of Europe, the Industrial Revolution, the development of Italian and German unity, the third French Republic, the rise of Russia, modern social problems, and European imperialism in Africa and the Orient. The text-book will be Robinson and Beard, “The Development of Modern Europe.” s356. Seminar. ENGLISH HISTORY DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. 2 points. Professor SHOTWELL. This course is designed primarily for students taking s156. It will furnish an introduction into the extensive collections of sources on the economic and industrial history of England available in both the University and the Astor libraries. The course will include as well some practical investigation of the working out of the Industrial Revolution in America. s156. THE SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE. Lectures, readings, and discussions. Two points. Professor SHOTWELL. This course is mainly concerned with the Industrial Revolution and the rise of democracy during the nineteenth century. s13-14_b_. AMERICAN HISTORY; POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FROM 1815 TO 1889. Recitations, written tests, reports and occasional lectures. Two points. Professor BASSETT. The course begins at the point at which foreign affairs cease to predominate, and deals with the important phases of internal history. s162_b_. AMERICAN HISTORY, FROM 1815 TO 1837. Lectures, reports, examination of original materials, and familiarity with the larger secondary sources. Two points. Professor BASSETT.