Other visitors and neighbors of the Pueblo people were almost as
undesirable as the Apache and Navaho. The Comanche of the Plains
brought ruin to many a clan by his forays, and his brother, the Ute,
from the mountains to the north, was a dangerous enemy to encounter
and at many times in the past attacked the villages of the Hopi. To
the west were the Yuma and Mohave, to the south were the Pima,
extending into Mexico, and in the Cataract Canyon of the Colorado
lived the Havasupai deep in the earth. These have been the neighbors
of the Pueblos since recorded history began. Also the tent dwellers of
the buffalo plains sometimes visited the Pueblos, tracking up the
Canadian, and perhaps other neighbors there were, now vanished beyond
resurrection or legend or the spade of the archeologist into the dust
of the wind-swept plains.
Besides the harrying of enemies of the wandering sort, there were
quarrels among the sedentary tribes and the old-fashioned way of
fighting it out according to Indian methods left many a village
desolate. For this reason the villages were often built on mesas
before the ancient enemies of their occupants began their range of the
Southwest, and hostilities were carried on against brothers located
near the corn lands and life-giving springs of the Pueblo country.
In the ancient days, as at present, the secret of the distribution of
Pueblo men was the distribution of water. It seems that in the vast
expanse embraced in the Pueblo region every spring has been visited by
the Indians, since whoever would live must know where there is water.
The chief springs near the villages they dug out and walled up and
built steps or a graded way down to the water, and often these works
represent great labor. Likewise, the irrigation canals and reservoirs
of southern Arizona show what he could do and surprise the moderns.
One soon sees that there is not a spring near the present villages
that does not receive its offerings of painted sticks adorned with
feathers, as prayers to the givers of water. These simple-hearted folk
in the toils of drought seem to have all their ceremonies to bring
rain, and there is nothing else quite as important in their thoughts.
In the same way the Southwest has made the settlers workers in stone
and clay, for Nature has withheld the precious wood. Few other parts
of the world show so clear an instance of the compelling power of the
surroundings on the customs of a people.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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