Basques, 194 Belgium, 92, 99 Berbers, 194, 201 Berlin, climate of, 38 Bernard, St., 69 Bichat, 24 Birman, 190 Blumenbach, 109–10, 119, 146 Bœotia, 59 Bordeaux, 60 Born, Bertran de, 197 Bossuet, 12 Brahmans, 32, 65; civilization, 83, 97, 209; religion, 142; pacifism, 161 Brazil, 125 _n._ Bremen, 60 Breton, language, 201 Brittany, 17, 44, 101 _n._ Buddhists, 65, 97 Burgundian, 201 Bushmen, 187 Caciques, 171 Cadiz, 150 Cæsar, Julius, 15, 158 Calabrians, 121 Calvinists, 41 Camper, 108–10 Canaries, 144, 155 Cappadocians, 193 Capri, 60 Carians, 193 Caroline Islands, 173 Carthage, 13 Carthaginians, 35, 38, 66, 79 Carus, 54 _n._, 74 _n._, 111–4, 149 Catalans, 92 Catawhas, 172 Cato, 158 Catullus, 166 Caucasian, 119, 146 Caucasus, 127, 141–2, 187 Celtic languages, 189–90, 196–201 Celts, 32, 35, 172 Chagres, 61 Charlemagne, 150 Charles I, of England, 41; VII, of France, 43 Cherokees, 69, 71–2, 74, 121, 172 China, 7, 20; climate of, 56–7 Chinese, 33; as traders, 58; Chinese Christians, 64–5; material civilization, 87, 95–7; permanent characteristics, 138; language, 184–5 Chiquitos, 202 Chlodwig, 160 _n._ Christianity, its fight against paganism, 45; relation to civilization, chap. vii _passim_ Cicero, 158 Cincinnatus, 11 Cingalese, 126 Cirionos, 53 Civilization, Guizot’s definition, 80–1; von Humboldt’s definition, 82; Gobineau’s definition, 91; list of —s, 211–12 Co-adjutor, 41 Columbus, 144 Confucius, 74 _n._ Constantine, 15 Constantinople, 61, 128, 150 Coptic, 185 _n._ Cordilleras, the, 64 Cordova, 29, 177 Corinth, 59 Coromandel Coast, 122 Cortes, 8, 192 Creeks, 71 Croats, 29 Cuba, 51 Cuvier, 118, 136, 141 Cuzco, 167 Cyrus the Great, 10 Dahomey, 48, 85 Damascus, 57 Dante, 198 Darius, 10, 33, 176 Davis, 96 Deccan, 147 Decius, 17 Degeneration, meaning of, 25 Delaware, 190 Delhi, 34 Demeter, 59, 94 Diocletian, 17, 96 Djelat-Eddin-Rumi, 188 Dodona, 175 Draco, 40 Druids, 44 Ecbatana, 175 Egypt, 2, 7, 56 Egyptians, 30, 80; civilization, 87; relations with Islam, 178 Ekkhili, 201 England, luxury in, 8; change in institutions, 42 English, as rulers of India, 34; civilization, 81, 92, 97–102 Epicurus, 13 Erie, Lake, 55 Eskimos, 64–5, 69, 131 Etruscans, 80, 121 Euhemerus, 16 Euphrates, 56 Europeans, physical and mental characteristics of, 107–8 and chaps. x, xii, xvi, _passim_ Euskara, 201, 203 Eve, 119 Fabii, 33, 159 Farnese Hercules, 108 Fatimites, 7 Fellatahs, 48 Fénelon, 12 Ferdinand the Catholic, 41 Finns, 38, 127–32, 146 Flourens, 116 France, luxury in, 8; under English rule, 20; change in institutions, 43 Franklin, 180 _n._ Franks, 199 French, civilization of, 81, 92; power of resistance, 152; language, 189, 196–201 Galerius, 16 Galla, 67