X. CONTINENTAL INVASIONS 209 XI. SCOTTISH INVASIONS 223 XII. LATER SCOTTISH INVASIONS 249 XIII. THE SPANISH ARMADA 275 XIV. THE AFTERMATH OF THE ARMADA 312 XV. DE RUIJTER AND WILLIAM OF ORANGE 318 XVI. THE ‘FIFTEEN’ AND THE ‘FORTY-FIVE’ 332 XVII. FRENCH RAIDS, 1690-1797 344 XVIII. THE NAPOLEONIC DESIGN, 1804 351 APPENDIX A.--THE SITE OF THE BATTLE OF ACLEA 357 APPENDIX B.--THE ENGLISH AND SPANISH FLEETS IN 1588 357 INDEX 363 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PRINTED SEPARATELY FROM THE TEXT ADMIRAL MICHIEL ADRIAANSZOON DE RUIJTER _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE GAIUS JULIUS CÆSAR 17 CLAUDIUS I. 32 JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE 213 A GREAT-SHIP OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VIII. 220 THOMAS HOWARD, EARL OF SURREY 261 KING JAMES IV. OF SCOTLAND 268 ADMIRAL PERO MENENDEZ DE AVILES 289 SIR FRANCIS DRAKE 304 LORD HOWARD OF EFFINGHAM 309 SIR JOHN HAWKINS 316 JAMES, DUKE OF MONMOUTH 321 WILLIAM OF ORANGE 336 PRINCE CHARLES EDWARD STUART 341 GENERAL LAZARE HOCHE 346 A HIGHLAND OUTPOST 348 PRINTED IN THE TEXT PAGE TYPES OF ROMAN SOLDIERS 10 A BRITON 15 A ROMAN TRIREME OFF DOVER 19 THE ROMAN WALL BETWEEN AESICA AND BORCOVICUS 55 ANGLO-SAXON WEAPONS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 95 A VIKING WARRIOR 115 THE OSEBERG DRAGON SHIP 118 SCANDINAVIAN WEAPONS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM 121