The immeasurable catastrophe of the war--with which the Jews had nothing to do and which their more important financial representatives did all they could to prevent--fell upon Europe. It seemed at first as though, in the face of that overwhelming tragedy, what had been so rapidly growing--I mean the debate and conflict upon Jewish claims--would be silenced. The Jews were found fighting gallantly in all the armies. Their services were generously acknowledged, though the cruel ambiguity of their situation was hardly realized. Considering that they had no national interest in the fight, it must have seemed to them a mere insanity, crucifying their nation to no purpose. For Zangwill put the matter well indeed when he said that those who eagerly and spontaneously joined the first recruiting (and these were numerous) did so "for the honour of Israel." The sacrifice was not without fruit. In its presence many a complaint was silenced and much was revealed which, but for it, would have remained unprobed. The Christian family in its bereavement saw at its side a Jewish neighbour who had lost his son in what was no concern of his race; the Christian priest witnessed the agony of the young Jewish soldier. The defender of the Western nations saw at his side not only the Jewish conscript (who should never have been called) but the Jewish volunteer. Thus, the first to enlist from the United States was a Jew, later promoted, whom I had the pleasure and honour of meeting on Mangin's staff at Mayence. I hope he may see these lines. It looked as though in the presence of such a suffering, which the Jews shared with us, the growing quarrel between them and ourselves would be appeased. Men who had been prominent not only for their discussion of the Jewish problem, but for their direct and open antagonism to Jewish power and even to the most legitimate of Jewish claims, were now compelled to silence. Reconciliation was in the air ... when, in the very heat of the struggle, came that factor, incalculably important, which now rules all the rest; I mean the factor of what is called _Bolshevism_. This new Jewish movement changed the whole face of things and, coming on the top of the rest, has transformed the problem for all our generation. Henceforth it was to be discussed quite openly. Henceforth it could only become, more and more, the chief problem of politics and give rise to that menacing situation upon a solution of which depends the security of our future. For the Bolshevist movement, or rather explosion, was Jewish. That truth may be so easily confused with a falsehood that I must, at the outset, make it exact and clear.