The secretary of Appius Caecus was a certain Gnaeus Flavius, grandson of a slave, who became not merely _curule aedile_, but one of the founders of Roman jurisprudence. (Livy, IX. xlvi.). Likewise the Gabinius that proposed the Lex Tabellaria of 139 B.C.E. was the son or grandson of a slave, _vernae natus_ or _nepos_. (Cf. the newly discovered fragment of Livy’s Epitome, Oxyr. Pap. iv. 101 f.) The general statement is made by the emperor Claudius (Tac. Ann. xi. 24), in a passage unfortunately absent in the fragments of the actual speech discovered at Lyons. Footnote 54: Cicero, In Pisonem (Fragments 10-13). Aeschines, In Ctes. 172. Footnote 55: Muttines, a Liby-Phoenician (cf. Livy, XXI. xxii. 3, _Libyphoenices mixtum Punicum Afris genus_), becomes a Roman citizen (_ibid._ XXVI. v. 11). Footnote 56: Ennius ap. Cic. de. Or. iii. 168. Footnote 57: Mucius defines _gentiles_, _i.e._ true members of Roman _gentes_, as follows (ap. Cic. Topica, vi. 29): _Gentiles sunt inter se qui eodem nomine sunt, qui ab ingenuis oriundi sunt, quorum maiorum nemo servitutem servivit, qui capite non sunt deminuti._ Literally taken, that would exclude descendants of former slaves to the thousandth generation. But Pliny demands somewhat less even for Roman knights. The man is to be _ingenuus ipse, patre, avo paterno_ (H. N. XXXIII. ii. 32). Footnote 58: Gallic was still spoken in southern Gaul in the fourth century C.E., Syriac at Antioch in the time of Jerome, and Punic at Carthage for centuries after the destruction of the city. Footnote 59: The racial bond upon which modern scientific sectaries lay such stress was constantly disregarded in ancient and modern times. The Teutonic Burgundians found an alliance with the Mongol Avars against the Teutonic Franks a perfectly natural thing. CHAPTER IV SKETCH OF JEWISH HISTORY BETWEEN NEBUCHADNEZZAR AND CONSTANTINE Footnote 60: The Carduchi, Taochi, Chalybes, Phasiani (Xenophon, An. IV. iii. 6), make friends with the Greek adventurers, or oppose them on their own account without any apparent reference to the fact that the army of the Ten Thousand was part of a hostile force recently defeated by their sovereign. Footnote 61: Herodotus, vii. 89: παρείχοντο δὲ αὐτὰς (sc. τὰς τριήρεας) εοἵδε, Φοίνικες μὲν σὺν Σὺροισι τοῖσι ὲν τῆ Παλαιστίν ῃ, and he later defines the name specifically (_ibid._): τῆς δὲ Συρίας τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον καὶ τὸ μέχρι Αιγύπτου πᾶν Παλαιστίνη καλέεται. Footnote 62: Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan, edited by Sayce and Cowley, London, 1906. Aramäische Papyri ... zu Elephantine, ed. Sachau, Leipzig, 1911. Footnote 63: