The kaleidoscope : $b its history, theory and construction. With its application to the fine and useful artsBrewster, David
Science
The kaleidoscope : $b its history, theory and construction. With its application to the fine and useful arts
Brewster, David
Kaleidoscopes
2. That all the images of these objects, formed by an odd number of
reflexions, move round =O= in the same direction as the mirrors, and
with an angular velocity double that of the mirrors.
3. That when the angle =A O B= is an _even_ aliquot part of a circle,
the number of moving sectors is equal to the number of stationary
sectors, a moving sector being placed between two stationary sectors,
and _vice versa_.
4. That when the angle =A O B= is an _odd_ aliquot part of a circle,
the two last sectors adjacent to each other are either both in motion
or both stationary, the number of moving sectors being greater by one
when the number of sectors is 3, 7, 11, 15, etc., and the number of
stationary sectors being greater by one when the number of sectors is
5, 9, 13, 17, etc. And,
5. That as the moving sectors correspond with those in which the images
are inverted, and the stationary ones with those in which the images
are direct, the number of each may be found from the table given in
page 24.
When one of the mirrors, =A O=, is stationary, while the other, =B O=,
is moved round, and so as to enlarge the angle =A O B=, the object =X=,
and the image of it seen in the stationary mirror =A O=, remain at
rest, but all the other images are in motion receding from the object
=X=, and its stationary image; and when =B O= moves towards =A O=, so
as to diminish the angle =A O B=, the same effect takes place, only
the motion of the images is towards the object =X=, on one side, and
towards its stationary image on the other. These images will obviously
move in pairs; for, since the fixed object and its stationary image are
at an invariable distance, the existence of a symmetrical arrangement,
which we have formerly proved, requires that similar pairs be arranged
at equal distances round =O=, and each of the images of these pairs
must be stationary with regard to the other. Now, as the fixed object
is placed in the sector =A O B=, and its stationary image in the
sector =A O _b_=, it will be found that in the semicircle =M _b e_=,
containing the fixed mirror, the
1st reflected image and direct object, }
2d 3d reflected image }
4th 5th } are stationary with
6th 7th } respect to each other.
8th 9th }
while in the same semicircle =M _b e_=, the
1st reflected image and 2d reflected image }
3d 4th }
5th 6th } are movable with
7th 8th } respect to each other.
9th 10th }
On the other hand, in the semicircle =M _a e_=, containing the movable
mirror, the phenomena are reversed, the images which were formerly
stationary with respect to each other being now movable, and _vice
versa_.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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