Trumbull introduces two bills to protect the freedmen in the states--Provisions of the Freedmen's Bureau Bill--Trumbull contends that the Thirteenth Amendment authorized Congress to abolish the incidents and disabilities of slavery--The Freedmen's Bureau Bill passed by Congress and vetoed by the President--The Senate fails to pass it over the veto--Struggle in the Senate to obtain a two-thirds majority--Senator Stockton (Democrat), of New Jersey, unseated--Trumbull's Civil Rights Bill taken up--It does not deal with the right of suffrage--Debate in the Senate on the constitutional question--Bill passes Senate--Is opposed in the House by Bingham, of Ohio--Is vetoed by the President--Exciting scene in Senate when the bill is passed over the veto--Trumbull takes the lead in the campaign of 1866 and is reëlected to the Senate--The Civil Rights Act in the courts--An echo from the State of Georgia 257 CHAPTER XVIII THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT The Joint Committee on Reconstruction reports the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution--It holds that the seceding states cannot be restored to their former places in the Union by the executive alone--Tennessee admitted to the Union by Congress--The Arm-in-Arm Convention at Philadelphia--President Johnson's unfortunate speech following that event--The Southern States refuse to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment--This refusal gives increased power to the radicals in the North 281 CHAPTER XIX CROSSING THE RUBICON Decision of the Supreme Court in the Milligan case--It declares all trials of civilians by military commissions unlawful--It implies that Andrew Johnson's policy was preferable to that of Congress--All the members of the Cabinet support the President's policy--Stanton, however, secretly confers with the radicals to undermine the President--Sumner and Stevens become the leaders in Congress and pass bills annulling state governments in the South--The Conservatives follow reluctantly, believing that the negroes cannot be protected unless they have the right to vote--Remarkable series of Reconstruction Acts passed in 1867 and 1868--The case of Georgia--Trumbull overthrows Governor Bullock and his senatorial supporters 288 CHAPTER XX IMPEACHMENT