[2. Tribal organisation of the Lushais.] Among the Lushais, each village is a separate State, ruled over by its own "lal" or chief. Each son of a chief, as he attained a marriageable age, was provided with a wife at his father's expense, and given a certain number of households from his father's village and sent forth to a village of his own. Henceforth he ruled as an independent chief, and his success or failure depended on his own talents for ruling. He paid no tribute to his father, but was expected to help him in his quarrels with neighbouring chiefs; but when fathers lived long it was not unusual to find their sons disowning even this amount of subordination. The youngest son remained in his father's village and succeeded not only to the village, but also to all the property. Our rule has tended to increase the independence of the young chiefs; for in former days, when might was right, it behoved a son to follow the advice of his father, or the latter's help might not be forthcoming when danger threatened. The chief was, in theory at least, a despot; but the nomadic instinct of the people is so strong that any chief whose rule was unduly harsh soon found his subjects leaving him, and he was therefore constrained to govern according to custom. To assist him each chief appoints one or more elderly men, known as "upa." These form a sort of council which discusses all matters connected with the village, and decides all disputes between people of the village, for which they receive fees termed "salam" from the party who loses the case. These fees are their only remuneration. The chief presides over this council, which is generally held of an evening in the chief's house, while the zu horn circulates briskly. The chief receives a portion of each fine levied, a practice found to prevent undue leniency. Besides the upas the chief appoints the following village officials--"ramhual" and "tlangau." The former, of whom there may be several, are advisers as to where the jhums shall be cut, and are allowed first choice of land for the purpose, but have to give the chief five to seven baskets of paddy instead of two, which is the portion due from other subjects. The tlangau is the crier, whose high-pitched voice is heard after dark, when every good householder is at home, proclaiming the chief's orders. He also arranges how the work of the village is to be divided, who are to go and make a road, who are to repair the zawlbuk, &c. In return for his labours he receives a small basket of rice from each house in the village. Besides the ramhual and the tlangau, no village is complete without at least one "thirdeng," or blacksmith, and a "puithiam," or sorcerer. The former receives one basket of rice from each householder whose tools he repairs; the latter receives the same amount from each householder for whom he performs the sacrifices connected with his cultivation.