Transcriber's Note: Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. THE MAKERS OF MODERN ROME [Illustration: POPE GREGORY. _Frontispiece._] THE MAKERS OF MODERN ROME IN FOUR BOOKS I. HONOURABLE WOMEN NOT A FEW II. THE POPES WHO MADE THE PAPACY III. LO POPOLO: AND THE TRIBUNE OF THE PEOPLE IV. THE POPES WHO MADE THE CITY BY MRS. OLIPHANT AUTHOR OF "THE MAKERS OF FLORENCE" _WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY HENRY P. RIVIERE, A.R.W.S. AND JOSEPH PENNELL_ New York MACMILLAN AND CO. AND LONDON 1896 _All rights reserved_ COPYRIGHT, 1895, BY MACMILLAN AND CO. Set up and electrotyped November, 1895. Reprinted January, 1896. Norwood Press J. S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith. Norwood Mass. U.S.A. I INSCRIBE THIS BOOK WITH THE DEAR NAMES OF THOSE OF MINE WHO LIE UNDER THE WALLS OF ROME: AND OF HIM, THE LAST OF ALL, WHO WAS BORN IN THAT SAD CITY: ALL NOW AWAITING ME, AS I TRUST, WHERE GOD MAY PLEASE. F. W. O. M. W. O. F. R. O. PREFACE. Nobody will expect in this book, or from me, the results of original research, or a settlement--if any settlement is ever possible--of vexed questions which have occupied the gravest students. An individual glance at the aspect of these questions which most clearly presents itself to a mind a little exercised in the aspects of humanity, but not trained in the ways of learning, is all I attempt or desire. This humble endeavour has been conscientious at least. The work has been much interrupted by sorrow and suffering, on which account, for any slips of hers, the writer asks the indulgence of her unknown friends. CONTENTS. BOOK I. HONOURABLE WOMEN NOT A FEW. CHAPTER I. PAGE ROME IN THE FOURTH CENTURY 1 CHAPTER II. THE PALACE ON THE AVENTINE 14 CHAPTER III. MELANIA 29 CHAPTER IV. THE SOCIETY OF MARCELLA 43 CHAPTER V. PAULA 65 CHAPTER VI. THE MOTHER HOUSE 89 BOOK II. THE POPES WHO MADE THE PAPACY. CHAPTER I. GREGORY THE GREAT 119 CHAPTER II. THE MONK HILDEBRAND 181 CHAPTER III. THE POPE GREGORY VII 230