No one could ever get a correct notion of a particular star by directing
his entire attention to the study of that star. To understand it, he
must study it through the system of which it forms a member, and in
connection with all laws and forces related to it. Oxygen separate and
distinct from other elements has no meaning. It gets its definition and
significance from the things to which it is related. What it is for rocks
and water and trees and globes, that it is in itself. But it must be seen
in connection with these before we can know what it is in itself. What
an acid is for an alkali and for other things, that it is in itself.
Alone, out of relation, we could know absolutely nothing of it. Society
is the organism that reveals to each person the nature of his own life.
Out of contact and touch with other human beings, no one would ever know
anything concerning himself.
Objective reality embraces manifold variety, but it is the unity that
presides over it that makes it intelligible. Difference provokes
questions and unity answers them.
In calling objective reality truth, we tacitly assume the laws and
relations constitutive of it. We could not speak of the truth of the
globe, had there been no method in its formation, no order in its
development, no system in its parts, and no relations between its
constituent elements. To speak of the truth of it, is to imply the
thought of it, the intelligibility of it. Were it not the expression of
mind, man’s reason could find no truth in it. Scholars have been able,
after long and painstaking study, to understand the meaning of Egyptian
and Assyrian hieroglyphics, but they never could have found thought in
them, had they contained no thought. The original elements which make
up the matter of the globe, have come into such relations with one
another as that they make up the soil, rocks, water, trees, and animals
we see. Thought, then, is the result of the internal relations of the
particles which compose it. These internal relations, too, constitute its
intelligibility. The globe that wheels on its axis is objective. This
may be taken into the mind, and by its synthesizing, organizing activity
converted into a subjective globe. The difference between the objective
and the subjective globe will be, that one will be thought and the other
will be thing. But the same internal relations found in the objective
globe will be preserved in the subjective, and the transcript of the
globe that is held in thought will be truth in exact proportion as it
corresponds to the material globe that rolls out of the mind. That an
objective globe, which is a thing, may become a subjective globe, which
is a thought and not a thing, implies that there is something in common
between thoughts and things; that is, the mind, by its constitution,
is capable of apprehending and taking into itself the constitution and
relations of things. This is its capacity for truth, and shows that truth
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