In short, there is abundant evidence to show that considerable differences in colour do not appear to have any effect on the chances of survival in the struggle for existence of those that display them. Yet this is precisely what the supporters of the Darwinian hypothesis cannot afford to admit, for they then find it impossible to account for the origin of such a form as _Kallima_, the leaf-butterfly, by the action of natural selection. As most people are aware, this creature displays a remarkable resemblance to a decaying leaf. “These butterflies” (there are several species which show the marvellous imitation), writes Kellog, on page 53 of _Darwinism To-day_, “have the under sides of both fore and hind wings so coloured and streaked that when apposed over the back in the manner common to butterflies at rest, the four wings combine to resemble with absurd fidelity a dead leaf still attached by a short petiole to the twig or branch. I say absurd, for it seems to me the resemblance is over-refined. Here for safety’s sake it is no question of mimicking some one particular kind of other organism or inanimate thing in nature which birds do not molest. It is simply to produce the effect of a dead leaf on a branch. Leaf-shape and general dead-leaf colour-scheme are necessary for this illusion. But are these following things necessary? namely, an extra-ordinarily faithful representation of mid-rib and lateral veins, even to faint microscopically-tapering vein tips; a perfect short petiole produced by the apposed ‘tails’ of the hind-wings; a concealment of the head of the butterfly so that it shall not mar the outlines of the lateral margin of the leaf; and finally, delicate little flakes of purplish or yellowish brown to mimic spots of decay and fungus-attacked spots in the leaf! And, as culmination, a tiny circular clear spot in the fore-wings (terminal part of the leaf) which shall represent a worm-eaten hole, or a piercing of the dry leaf by flying splinter, or the complete decay of a little spot due to fungus growth! A general and sufficient seeming of a dead leaf, object of no bird’s active interest, yes, but not a dead leaf modelled with the fidelity of the waxworkers in the modern natural history museums. When natural selection has got Kallima along to that highly desirable stage when it was so like a dead leaf in general seeming that every bird sweeping by saw it only as a brown leaf clinging precariously to a half-stripped branch, it was natural selection’s bounden duty, in conformance to its obligations to its makers, to stop the further modelling of Kallima and just hold it up to its hardly won advantage. But what happens? Kallima continues its way, specifically and absurdly dead-leafwards, until to-day it is a much too fragile thing to be otherwise than very gingerly handled by its rather anxious foster-parents, the Neo-Darwinian selectionists.” It is obvious that if natural selection has produced so highly specialised an organism as the