4. S. tomentòsus, Michx. (WOOLLY RAGWORT.) _Clothed with scarcely deciduous hoary wool_ (1--2° high); _root-leaves oblong_, obtuse, crenate or entire, often large, on elongated stout petioles; the upper sessile, similar or lyrate-pinnatifid; corymb flat-topped; rays 12--15.--Del. and mountains of Penn. (_Pursh._), to Fla. and Ark. May. 5. S. cànus, Hook. Usually low, persistently tomentose, rarely at all glabrate; leaves much smaller, spatulate to oblong, all entire or some cut-toothed or pinnatifid; achenes glabrous.--N. Minn., Dak., and westward. 6. S. integérrimus, Nutt. Woolly pubescent when young, soon glabrate and green; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire or denticulate, the upper bract-like, attenuate from a broad base; heads rather large (6´´ high), with green-tipped scales.--Sask. to Minn., and westward. 7. S. lùgens, Richards. Like the last; leaves usually repand- or callous-denticulate; heads usually smaller, with mostly black-tipped scales.--Subarc. Amer. to New Mex., in the mountains; reported from Minn. and N. Iowa. [*][*][*] _Root perennial; heads large and often solitary._ 8. S. Pseùdo-Árnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becoming glabrous; stem stout, 6--12´ high, leafy to the top; leaves oblong, repand, tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; heads 1--4, over an inch in diameter; rays 20 or more, large.--Grand Manan Island, off Maine (_Prof. Verrill_), to Lab., and northward. 76. CACÀLIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN. Heads 5--many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucral scales in a single row, erect-connivent, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, smooth; pappus of numerous soft capillary bristles.--Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.) [*] _Involucre 25--30-flowered, with several bracts at its base; receptacle flat._ 1. C. suavèolens, L. Stem grooved (3--5° high); _leaves triangular-lanceolate, halberd-shaped_, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles.--Rich woods, Conn. to Mich., Iowa, and southward; rare. Sept. [*][*] _Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none; receptacle bearing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre._ 2. C. renifórmis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Not glaucous; stem (4--9° high) grooved and angled; _leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form_ (1--2° broad), _repand-toothed_ and angled, palmately veined, petioled; the teeth pointed; corymbs large.--Rich damp woods, N. J. to Ill., Minn., and southward along the mountains. Aug.